1756

This week I wrote “An Address to the Clergy;” which, considering the state of public affairs, I judged would be more seasonable, and more easily born, at this time than at any other.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 397

Mr. Walsh wrote to me as follows —

“REV. AND VERY DEAR SIR,

“IN Mr. Booker’s letter are many palpable falsehoods. But what exasperated him so, he does not tell. It was my opposing his Arian principles: My telling him I had the same arguments to prove the Divinity of Christ, as to prove the Godhead of the Father.

1. The Father is called God, ; so is the Son, Isaiah 9:6. —

2. The Father is called ; so is the Son, Hosea 1:7. —

3. The Father is called ; so is the Son, Jeremiah 23:6. —

4. The Father is said to be from everlasting; so the Son is called , Isaiah 9:6. Not the everlasting Father; but the Father or Author of eternity. —

5. The Father is said to create all things: so is the Son, John 1., and Colossians 1. —

6. The Father is said to be almighty; so is the Son. —

7. The Father is omnipresent; so is the Son, Matthew 18:20. —

8. The Father is omniscient; so is the Son, Revelation 2:23. —

9. The Father forgives sins; so does the Son, Mark 2:5-11. —

10. The Father is Judge of all; so is the Son.

“But still he disputed, whether any man should pray to Christ. I gave these reasons for it: —

1. All men are bound to honor the Son, as they honor the Father: But we are to honor the Father by praying to him: Therefore we should so honor the Son.

2. God commands, ‘Let all the angels of God worship him.’ This is done, Revelation 5:12, 13. And it is certain, praise and thanksgiving are superior rather than inferior to prayer.

3. St. Paul prayed to him, 2 Corinthians 12:8, 9.

4. St. Stephen prayed to him, Acts 7:59. (The word God is not in the original.)

5. All believers in the apostolic age prayed to him, 1 Corinthians 1:2. For what is to call upon his name, but to pray to him?

“When he could not answer these reasons, he called them cant, and said, ‘Much learning has made thee mad.’ What he calls ‘contempt,’ was confronting him with Scripture and reason, in defense of the Godhead of Christ. I acknowledge I have been an opposer of Arianism ever since I knew what it was; but especially since my late illness, during which I had such glorious evidences of the eternal power and Godhead of my great Redeemer. I bless God I love Mr. B—— , as well as all mankind; but it grieves me to see people led in the high road to hell, instead of heaven; especially at a time which calls upon all to awake and prepare to meet their God.”

Saturday, 17, and in the spare hours of the following days, I read over Mr. Pike’s Philosophia Sacra; a Treatise admirably well wrote, by an ingenious man, who says all that can be said for Mr. Hutchinson’s hypothesis: But it is only an hypothesis still; much supposition, and little proof.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 397

I rode to Canterbury, and preached in the evening to such a congregation as I never saw there before; in which were abundance of the soldiers, and not a few of their Officers.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 399

I preached about noon at Dover, to a very serious but small congregation. We afterwards walked up to the Castle, on the top of a mountain. It is an amazingly fine situation; and from hence we had a clear view of that vast piece of the cliff, which a few days ago divided from the rest and fell down upon the beach.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 399

In returning to London, I read the Life of the late Czar, Peter the Great. Undoubtedly he was a soldier, a General, and a Statesman, scarce inferior to any. But why was he called a Christian? What has Christianity to do either with deep dissimulation or savage cruelty?

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 399

The fast day was a glorious day; such as London has scarce seen since the Restoration. Every church in the city was more than full; and a solemn seriousness sat on every face. Surely God heareth the prayer; and there will yet be a lengthening of our tranquillity. Even the Jews observed this day with a peculiar solemnity. The form of prayer which was used in their synagogue began, “Come, and let us return unto the Lord; for he hath torn and he will heal us;” and concluded with those remarkable words, “Incline the heart of our Sovereign Lord King George, as well as the hearts of his Lords and Counselors, to use us kindly, and all our brethren, the children of Israel, that in his days and in our days we may see the restoration of Judah, and that Israel may dwell in safety, and the Redeemer may come to Zion. May it be thy will! And we all say, Amen.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 399

I paid another visit to Canterbury, but came in too late to preach.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 400

Abundance of soldiers and many Officers came to the preaching. And surely the fear and the love of God will prepare them either for death or victory.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 400

I dined with Colonel — , who said, “No men fight like those who fear God: I had rather command five hundred such, than any regiment in His Majesty’s army.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 400

I had so severe a cold, that I could hardly speak to be heard. However, I preached morning and evening, as I could, and the next day returned to London.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 400

I set out for Bristol. Some time after, I received the copy of another letter, dated March 2, from the Rev. Mr. Davies in Virginia, part of which I have subjoined: —

“WHEN the books arrived, I gave public notice after sermon, and desired such Negroes as could read, and such white people as would make good use of them, and were not able to buy, to come to my house. For some time after, the poor slaves, whenever they could get an hour’s leisure, hurried away to me, and received them with all the genuine indications of passionate gratitude. All the books were very acceptable; but none more so than the Psalms and Hymns, which enabled them to gratify their peculiar taste for psalmody. Sundry of them lodged all night in my kitchen; and sometimes when I have awaked at two or three in the morning, a torrent of sacred psalmody has poured into my chamber. In this exercise some of them spend the whole night.

“The good effects of this charity are already apparent. It convinces the Heathen, that however careless about religion the generality of the white people are, yet there are some who think it a matter of importance. It has excited some of their masters to emulation; and they are ashamed, that strangers on the other side the Atlantic Ocean should be at such pains to teach their domestics, while themselves are negligent about it. Such of the Negroes as can read already, are evidently improving in knowledge. It has excited others to learn to read: For as I give books to none but such as can read, they consider them as a reward for their industry. And I am told, that in almost every house in my congregation, and in many other places, they spend every leisure hour in endeavoring to learn. Many do this from a sincere desire to know the will of God; and if some should do it from the meaner principle of vanity or curiosity, yet I cannot but rejoice, that it renders them the more capable of receiving instruction. To all this I may add, that the very distributing these books gives me an opportunity of speaking seriously, and with particular application, to many who would not otherwise come in my way.

“There are thousands of Negroes in this colony who still continue in the grossest ignorance, and are as rank Pagans now, as they were in the wilds of Africa. Not a few of these are within the bounds of my congregation. But all are not of this character. Upon some my ministry of late has been successful. Two Sundays ago I had the pleasure of seeing forty of their black faces at the Lord’s Table, several of whom give the usual evidence of their sincerity in religion. Last Sunday I baptized seven or eight, who had been catechized for some time. Indeed many of them appear determined to press into the kingdom, and I am persuaded will find an abundant entrance, when many of the children of the kingdom are shut out.

“I have distributed some of the books, among the poor white people, with a charge to circulate them among such of their neighbors as would seriously read them; that they might be as extensively serviceable as possible: And some of them have since discovered to me what solemn impressions they received in reading them.

“I sent a few of each sort to my friend Mr. Wright, Minister of Cumberland, about ninety miles hence; where there are not a few Negroes thoughtful about Christianity, and sundry real converts: And, he informs me, they have met with a very agreeable and promising reception. He takes much pains in instructing them, and has set up two or three schools among them; where they attend on Sundays, before and after sermon: For they have no other leisure time.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 400

I found Bristol all in a flame; voters and nonvoters being ready to tear each other in pieces. I had not recovered my voice, so as either to preach, or speak to the whole society: But I desired those members who were free men to meet me by themselves; whom I mildly and lovingly informed how they ought to act in this hour of temptation: And I believe the far greater part of them received and profited by the advice.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 402

I rode to Pill, and preached to a large and attentive congregation. A great part of them were seafaring men. In the middle of my discourse, a pressgang landed from a man of war, and came up to the place: But after they had listened a while they went quietly by, and molested nobody.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 402

I rode to the Old-Passage: But finding we could not pass, we went on to Purton; which we reached about four in the afternoon. But we were no nearer still; for the boatmen lived on the other side, and the wind was so high, we could not possibly make them hear. However, we determined to wait a while; and in a quarter of an hour they came of their own accord. We reached Coleford before seven; and found a plain, loving people, who received the word of God with all gladness.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 402

Examining the little society, I found them grievously harassed by disputations. Anabaptists were on one side, and Quakers on the other: And hereby five or six persons have been confused: But the rest cleave so much the closer together. Nor does it appear that there is now one trifler, much less a disorderly walker, among them.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 402

I learned the particulars of that surprising storm which was here the year before last. It began near Cheltenham, on June 14, 1754, and passed on over Coleford, in a line about three miles broad. It was rain mixed with hail. The hail broke all the windows it had access to, stripped all the trees both of fruit and leaves, and destroyed every green thing. Many of the stones were as large as hen eggs: Some were fourteen or fifteen inches round. The rain occasioned such a torrent of water in the street, as bore away man and beast. A mile or two farther, it joined with the waters of a mill dam; which it broke down, and carried away several houses. How frequent would accidents of this kind be, if chance, not God, governed the world!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 402

We rode through hard rain to Brecknock, and came just at the hour appointed for preaching. The Town-Hall, in which I was desired to preach, is a large and commodious place; and the whole congregation (one poor gentleman excepted) behaved with seriousness and decency.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 403

I rode over to Howell Harris at Trevecka, though not knowing how to get any further. But he helped us out of our difficulties; offering to send one with us who would show us the way and bring our horses back: So I then determined to go on to Holyhead, after spending a day or two at Brecknock.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 403

It being the day appointed for the Justices and Commissioners to meet, the town was extremely full; and curiosity (if no better motive) brought most of the gentlemen to the preaching. Such another opportunity could not have been of speaking to all the rich and great of the county: And they all appeared to be serious and attentive. Perhaps one or two may lay it to heart.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 403

I delayed preaching till nine, for the sake of the tender and delicate ones. At two we had near the whole town; and God reserved the great blessing for the last. Afterward we rode to Trevecka: But our guide was ill: So in the morning we set out without him.

Before I talked with him myself, I wondered H. Harris did not go out and preach as usual: But he now informed me, he preached till he could preach no longer, his constitution being entirely broken. While he was thus confined, he was pressed in spirit to build a large house; though he knew not why, or for whom. But as soon as it was built, men, women, and children, without his seeking, came to it from all parts of Wales: And, except in the case of the Orphan-House at Halle, I never heard of so many signal interpositions of divine Providence.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 403

It continued fair till we came to Builth; where I preached to the usual congregation. Mr. Phillips then guided us to Royader, about fourteen English miles. It snowed hard behind us and on both sides, but not at all where we were.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 403

When we took horse, there was nothing to be seen but a waste of white: The snow covered both hills and vales. As we could see no path, it was not without much difficulty, as well as danger, that we went on. But between seven and eight the sun broke out, and the snow began to melt: So we thought all our difficulty was over; till, about nine, the snow fell faster than ever. In an hour it changed into hail; which, as we rode over the mountains, drove violently in our face. About twelve this turned into hard rain, followed by an impetuous wind. However, we pushed out through all, and before sunset came to Dolgelly.

Here we found every thing we wanted except sleep, of which we were deprived of a company of drunken, roaring sea Captains, who kept possession of the room beneath us, till between two and three in the morning: So that we did not take horse till after six; and then we could make no great speed, the frost being exceeding sharp, and much ice in the road. Hence we were not able to reach Tannabull till between eleven and twelve. An honest Welshman here gave us to know (though he spoke no English) that he was just going over the sands. So we hastened on with him, and by that means came in good time to Carnarvon.

Here we passed a quiet and comfortable night, and took horse about six in the morning. Supposing, after we had rode near an hour, that a little house on the other side was the ferryhouse, we went down to the water, and called amain: But we could not procure any answer. In the mean time it began to rain hard, though the wind was extremely high. Finding none would come over, we went to a little church which stood near, for shelter. We had waited about an hour, when a woman and girl came into the churchyard, whom I did not mind, supposing they could speak no English. They were following a sheep, which ran close to us. I then asked, “Is not this Baldon-Ferry?” The girl answered, “Baldon-Ferry! No. The Ferry is two miles further.” So we might have called long enough. When we came to Baldon the wind fell, the sky cleared up, the boat came over without delay, and soon landed us in Anglesey. On our way to Holyhead, one met and informed us, the packet sailed the night before. I said, “Perhaps it may carry me for all that.” So we pushed on, and came thither in the afternoon. The packet did sail the night before, and got more than half sea over. But the wind turning against them and blowing hard, they were glad to get back this afternoon.

I scarce ever remember so violent a storm as blew all the night long. The wind continued contrary the next day.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 404

About nine in the morning I spent some time with a few serious people, and gave notice of preaching at four in the afternoon, as soon as the Evening Service was ended. It began soon after three: Ten minutes before four Mr. D. began catechizing the children in Welsh. I stayed till after five. As there was no sign of his concluding, I then went home, and found the people waiting; to whom I expounded those solemn words, “Watch and pray always, that ye may be counted worthy to escape all these things which are coming upon the earth.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 405

We left the harbor about twelve, having six or seven Officers and abundance of passengers on board. The wind was full west, and there was great probability of a stormy night. So it was judged best to put back; but one gentleman making a motion, to try a little longer, in a short time brought all over to his opinion. So they agreed to go out, and “look for a wind.”

The wind continued westerly all the night. Nevertheless, in the morning we were within two leagues of Ireland! Between nine and ten I landed at Howth, and walked on for Dublin. The congregation in the evening was such as I never saw here before. I hope this also is a token for good.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 405

In conversing with many, I was surprised to find that all Ireland is in perfect safety. None here has any more apprehension of an invasion, than of being swallowed up in the sea; every one being absolutely assured, that the French dare not attempt any such thing.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 405

I bought one or two books at Mr. Smith’s on the Blind Quay. I wanted change for a guinea, but he could not give it; so I borrowed some silver of my companion. The next evening a young gentleman came from Mr. Smith’s to tell me I had left a guinea on his counter. Such an instance of honesty I have rarely met with, either in Bristol or London.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 405

I went to the College chapel, at which about forty persons were present: Dr. K. preached a plain, practical sermon, after which the sacrament was administered. I never saw so much decency at any chapel in Oxford; no, not even at Lincoln College. Scarce any person stirred, or coughed, or spit, from the beginning to the end of the Service. In the evening our House was crowded above and below; yet many were obliged to stand without. The whole congregation appeared stayed and solid. Do even the people of Dublin know the day of their visitation?

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 406

Inquiring for one whom I saw three or four days ago in the height of a violent pleurisy, I found he was perfectly recovered, and returned into the country. A brimstone plaster in a few minutes took away both the pain and the fever. O why will physicians play with the lives of their patients! Do not others (as well as old Dr. Cockburn) know, that “no end is answered by bleeding in a pleurisy, which may not be much better answered without it?”

Tonight the sleepers here began to open their eyes, it being rumored that an express was come to the Lord Lieutenant, to inform him, the French were hastening their preparation, being determined to land in Ireland. And so they will, if God gives them leave: But he has the reins in his own hand.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 406

One was informing me of an eminent instance of the power of faith. “Many years ago,” said she, “I fell and sprained my ankle, so that I never expected it would be quite well. Seven years since, last September, I was coming home from the preaching in a very dark night, and, stumbling over a piece of wood, fell with the whole weight of my body upon my lame foot. I thought, ‘O Lord, I shall not be able to hear thy word again for many weeks!’ Immediately a voice went through my heart, ‘Name the name of Christ, and thou shalt stand.’ I leaped up, and stretched out my foot, and said, ‘Lord Jesus Christ, I name thy name: Let me stand!’ And my pain ceased; and I stood up, and my foot was as strong as ever.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 406

I spent an hour with Dr. F——, a sensible, agreeable man. He said, “Six weeks ago, the informed the Lord L——, that he had express orders from His Majesty, to put this kingdom in a posture of defense against the intended invasion; and he was empowered to raise what men he pleased. And nothing has ever been done since: So that we conclude the whole to be a grimace, a mere trick of State.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 407

I met about an hundred children, who ate catechized publicly twice a week. Thomas Walsh began this some months ago; and the fruit of it appears already. What a pity that all our Preachers in every place have not the zeal and wisdom to follow his example!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 407

I breakfasted with one of the most lovely old men I ever saw; John Garret, a Dutchman by birth, and a Speaker among the Quakers. Thence we went to a poor dying backslider. When we came in he was crying to God out of the deep; but before we left him his heaviness was gone, and he desired nothing but to be with Christ.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 407

I looked over a celebrated book, “The Fable of the Bees.” Till now I imagined there had never appeared in the world such a book as the works of Machiavel. But Dr. Mandeville goes far beyond it. The Italian only recommends a few vices, as useful to some particular men, and on some particular occasions. But the Englishman loves and cordially recommends vice of every kind; not only as useful now and then, but as absolutely necessary at all times for all communities! Surely Voltaire would hardly have said so much. And even Mr. Sandeman could not have said more.

APRIL 16. — (Being Good Friday.) Near four hundred of the society met, to follow the example of their brethren in England, and renew their covenant with God. It was a solemn hour: Many mourned before God, and many were comforted.

In the following week all our Preachers met. I never before found such unanimity among them. They appeared now to be not only of one heart, but likewise of one mind and judgment.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 407

One of the Germans stumbled in while I was expounding, “Is Christ the minister of sin?” For a time she seemed greatly diverted; but the application spoiled her mirth: She soon hung down her head, and felt the difference between the chaff and the wheat.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 408

I set out for Cork, purposing to see as many societies as I could in my way. In the afternoon I came to Edinderry, where the little society have built a commodious preaching-house. I had designed to preach abroad; but the keen north wind drove us into the House. The congregation (though they had no previous notice) filled it from end to end; but some of them found it too hot, and hurried out, while I applied, “Ye must be born again.”

About this time I received the following letter: —

“REVEREND SIR,

“I ONCE, through the influence of those about me, was ready to join the common cry against you, not knowing what I did: But since, by hearing your discourses, with some of Mr. Walsh’s, and by reading your Sermons and Appeals, I have learned a better lesson. I have learned that true Christianity consists, not in a set of opinions, or of forms and ceremonies, but in holiness of heart and life, — in a thorough imitation of our divine Master. And this I take to be the doctrine of the Church of England; nor do I apprehend you differ from her at all in doctrine. And I am grieved to know you have too much cause to differ from many of her present Clergy. Why then should I cavil at you for feeding those sheep that are starved by their own shepherds? for endeavoring to recover them from that stupid lethargy and open wickedness which involve the generality of mankind? This is your happiness: would to God it could be mine! I have often had a strong desire for it; and would now gladly dedicate my life to it, if my poor abilities and mean education, together with the twenty third Article of our Church, did not crush the thought. However, as I do not see you vary from the doctrine of the Church, I should not scruple to join with you. My chief motives (beside that strong desire) are, First, I reflect, there is scarce a situation in life, at least in the trading world, without its attendant frauds or vices, which are now scarce separable from it. Secondly, I am at present of no use in society; so that on account of any advantage that now accrues from me to the public, I need not scruple giving myself to my darling employment. Thirdly, I am convinced a man may instruct and reform himself by instructing and reforming others. But may I attempt this otherwise than by the ordinary method of admitting laborers into the Lord’s vineyard? Your thoughts on this subject would be received as a singular favor; for which I shall impatiently wait, who am, “Reverend Sir,

“Your affectionate and ready servant.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 408

I rode to Tullamore; where one of the society, EDWARD WILLIS, gave me a very surprising account of himself. He said: — “WHEN I was about twenty years old, I went to Waterford for business. After a few weeks I resolved to leave it; and packed up my things, in order to set out the next morning. This was Sunday; but my landlord pressed me much not to go till the next day. In the afternoon we walked out together, and went into the river. After a while, leaving him near the shore, I struck out into the deep. I soon heard a cry, and, turning, saw him rising and sinking in the channel of the river. I swam back with all speed, and, seeing him sink again, dived down after him. When I was near the bottom, he clasped his arm round my neck, and holden me so fast that I could not rise. Seeing death before me, all my sins came into my mind, and I faintly called for mercy. In a while my senses went away, and I thought I was in a place full of light and glory, with abundance of people. While I was thus, he who holden me died, and I floated up to the top of the water. I then immediately came to myself, and swam to the shore, where several stood who had seen us sink, and said, they never knew such a deliverance before; for I had been under water full twenty minutes. It made me more serious for two or three months. Then I returned to all my sins.

“But in the midst of all, I had a voice following me every where, ‘When an able Minister of the Gospel comes, it will be well with thee!’ Some years after I entered into the army: Our troop lay at Phillip’s Town, when Mr. W. came. I was much affected by his preaching; but not so as to leave my sins. The voice followed me still; and when Mr. J. W. came, before I saw him, I had an unspeakable conviction that he was the man I looked for; and soon after I found peace with God, and it was well with me indeed.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 409

I preached on one side of the market-place, to a numerous congregation. I was afterwards invited by some of the Officers to spend an hour with them at the barracks. It, at least, freed them from prejudice against the present work of God, if it answered no farther end.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

I was pressed to turn aside to Athlone, a gentlewoman of Barbadoes, who was obliged to return thither shortly, having a great desire to see me. So I went to Athlone, and spent one or two hours in close conversation with her and her husband. We had a comfortable meeting in the evening; and most of the Gentry in the town were present: But who can warn them to flee from the wrath to come? They are “increased in goods, and need nothing.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

I rode to Birr through rain, hail, and snow, such as is usual on the first of January I had designed to preach abroad; but the wind was too sharp to be born either by me or the people.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

We rode to Mount-Mellick. About five I preached in the market-place. I was on the point of concluding, when a violent storm came. Till then the bottles of heaven were stayed.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

We rode to Portarlington; where, on Wednesday, 5, at the desire of several who could not attend the early preaching, I preached in the assembly room at ten, on, “Ye must be born again.” Many of the best in the town (so called) were present, and seemed not a little amazed. Many more came in the evening, among whom I found an unusual liberty of spirit. For the present most of them seemed much affected. But how soon will the thorns grow up?

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

I rode to Kilkenny. One of the Dragoons who were quartered here, soon found us out. A few, both of the army and of the town, are joined, and constantly meet together. I preached in the barracks, in one of the Officers’ rooms. Still, in Ireland, the first call is to the soldiery.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 410

We rode to Waterford; where, after preaching, I earnestly exhorted the society to “love as brethren.” On the same subject, I preached in the morning, and spent great part of the day in striving to remove misunderstandings and offenses. It was not lost labor. Six and twenty were left in the morning: Before night seven and fifty were joined together. T. Walsh preached at five; but the Room being too small, they were obliged to go into the yard. In the evening we had high and low, rich and poor, both in the yard and adjoining gardens. There seemed now to be a general call to this city. So I thought it best the next morning, Monday, 10, to leave Mr. Walsh there, while I went forward to Clonmell, the pleasantest town, beyond all comparison, which I have yet seen in Ireland. It has four broad, straight streets of well built houses, which cross each other in the center of the town. Close to the walls, on the south side, runs a broad, clear river. Beyond this rises a green and fruitful mountain, and hangs over the town. The vale runs many miles both east and west, and is well cultivated throughout.

I preached at five in a large loft, capable of containing five or six hundred people: But it was not full; many being afraid of its falling, as another did some years before; by which several of the hearers were much hurt, and one so bruised, that she died in a few days.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 411

I was at a loss where to preach, the person who owned the loft refusing to let me preach there or even in the yard below. And the Commanding Officer being asked for the use of the barrack yard, answered, it was not a proper place. “Not,” said he, “that I have any objection to Mr. Wesley. I will hear him, if he preaches under the gallows” It remained, to preach in the street: And by this means the congregation was more than doubled. Both the Officers and soldiers gave great attention, till a poor man, special drunk, came marching down the street, attended by a Popish mob, with a club in one hand, and a large cleaver in the other, grievously cursing and blaspheming, and swearing he would cut off the Preacher’s head. It was with difficulty that I restrained the troopers; especially them that were not of the society. When he came nearer, the Mayor stepped out of the congregation, and strove, by good words, to make him quiet; but he could not prevail: On which he went into his house, and returned with his white wand. At the same time he sent for two Constables, who presently came with their staves. He charged them not to strike the man, unless he struck first; but this he did immediately, as soon as they came within his reach, and wounded one of them in the wrist. On this the other knocked him down, which he did three times before he would submit. The Mayor then walked before, the Constables on either hand, and conducted him to the gaol.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 411

In the evening I preached in the new House, at Cork, very near as large as that in Dublin; and far better finished in every respect, though at four hundred pounds less expense.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 412

Walking up the Red House Walk, (which runs between two rows of meadows, with the river winding through them, and a chain of fruitful hills on the right hand and on the left,) I saw the plain reason why strangers usually complain of the unwholesomeness of the water in Cork. Many women were filling vessels with river water (which is that commonly used in the city for tea and most other purposes) when the tide was at the height. Now, although, this is not salt, yet it cannot but affect both the stomach and bowels of tender persons.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 412

I preached in the evening on, “Christ crucified, to the Jews a stumbling block, and to the Greeks foolishness.” While I was speaking, a gentleman in the gallery cried out with a loud voice, and swore to it, “I am of the Church: I stand up for the Church: I will shed my blood for the Church.” But finding none to contradict him, he sat down, and I finished my discourse.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 412

One came in a great consternation to inform us, Captain F. (the gentleman who spoke) was raising a mob against the evening. This report spread up and down, and greatly increased the evening congregation. But no mob appeared, nor was there any disturbance, but such a blessing as we have seldom found: I suppose, in answer to the prayers of many, who had been earnestly crying unto God. On Sunday last I was desired by one to call on her dying father, though she said he was speechless and senseless. But as soon as I spoke, he appeared sensible: while we prayed, he recovered his speech. The next day he was able to walk abroad, but continued deeply serious. On Friday, 21, his illness returned, and he lay down and died in peace.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 412

I preached in the market-place at Kinsale.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 413

I walked to the Fort. It commands the entrance of the harbor, and has three tier of guns, one over the other. It is built upon the firm rock; is of a large extent, and the upper part of a great height from the water. But all is out of repair; many of the cannon are dismounted; most of them unfit for service; so that many think a second rate man of war might take it in a few hours’ time.

At one I preached in the Exchange: Abundance of soldiers, and the Colonel, with several Officers, were present; so that I conceived some hopes that the seed sown even at Kinsale will not all be lost. At five I preached in the market-house at Innishannon to a very large and well behaved congregation, and then went on to Bandon.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 413

I rode out with Mrs. Jones, as I did everyday, to save her life, if possible. From the hill we had a fair view of Castle Barnard, with the park adjoining; in which, a few years ago, Judge Barnard used to take such delight. Indeed, it is a beautiful place in every respect. The house is one of the most elegant I have seen in the kingdom, both as to the structure and the situation; standing on the side of a fruitful hill, and having a full command of the vale, the river, and the opposite mountain. The ground near the house is laid out with the finest taste, in gardens of every kind; with a wilderness, canals, fish-ponds, water works, and rows of trees in various forms. The park includes part of each hill, with the river between, running through the meadow and lawns, which are tufted over with trees of every kind, and every now and then a thicket or grove. The Judge finished his plan, called the land after his name, and dropped into the dust!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 413

I returned to Cork. About that time I received a letter from Mr. Gillies, part of which follows: —

“THE Lord hath been pleased to inflict a heavy stroke upon us, by calling home his faithful servant, Mr. Wardrobe. Concerning his death, a Christian friend writes thus: —

“‘May 7. Four in the morning. I am just come from witnessing the last sighs of one dear to you, to me, and to all that knew him. Mr. Wardrobe died last night. He was seized on Sabbath last, just as he was going to the kirk, with a most violent colic, which terminated in a mortification of his bowels. The circumstances of his death are worthy to be recorded. With what pleasure he received the message, and went off in all the triumph of a conqueror; crying out, My warfare is accomplished: I have fought the good fight: My victory is completed. Crowns of grace shall adorn this head, (taking off his cap,) and palms be put into these hands. Yet a little while, and I shall sing for ever. I know that my Redeemer liveth. — When he was within a few moments of his last, he gave me his hand, and a little after said, Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace; for mine eyes have seen thy salvation. Were I to repeat half what he spoke, I should write you three hours. It shall suffice at this time to say, that as he lived the life, so he died the death, of a Christian. We weep not for him; we weep for ourselves. I wish we may know how to improve this awful judgment, so as to be also ready, not knowing when our Lord cometh.’”

Mr. Adams, Minister of Falkirk, writes thus: —

“ON Friday night, about ten, I witnessed Mr. Wardrobe’s (of Bathgate) entrance into the joy of his Lord. But ah! who can help mourning the loss to the Church of Christ? His amiable character gave him a distinguished weight and influence; which his Lord had given him to value, only for its subserviency to His honor and glory. He was suddenly taken ill on the last Lord’s day, and from the first moment believed it was for death. I went to see him on Thursday evening, and heard some of the liveliest expressions of triumphant faith, zeal for the glory of Christ and the salvation of souls, mixed with the most amiable humility and modesty. ‘Yet a little while,’ said he, ‘and this mortal shall put on immortality. Mortality shall be swallowed up of life; this vile body fashioned like to his glorious body. O for the victory! I shall get the victory. I know in whom I have believed.’ Then, with a remarkably audible voice, lifting up his hands, he cried out, ‘O for a draught of the well of the water of life, that I may begin the song before I go off to the Church triumphant! I go forth in thy name, making mention of thy righteousness, even thine only. I die at the feet of mercy.’ Then, stretching out his arms, he put his hand upon his head, and with the most serene and steady, majestic eye I ever saw, looking upward, he said, ‘Crowns of grace, crowns of grace, and palms in their hands! O Lord God of truth, into thy hands I commend my spirit!’ After an unexpected revival, he said, ‘O, I fear his tarrying, lest the prospect become more dark. I sometimes fear he may spare me to live, and be less faithful than he has helped me to be hitherto.’ He says to me, ‘You that are Ministers, bear a proper testimony against the professors of this age, who have a form of godliness without the power.’ Observing some of his people about his bed, he said, ‘May I have some seals among you! O where will the ungodly and sinners of Bathgate appear? Labor all to be in Christ.’ Then he stretched out his hand to several, and said, ‘Farewell, farewell, farewell! And now, O Lord, what wait I for? My hope is in thee!’ Once or twice he said, ‘Let me be laid across the bed to expire, where I have sometimes prayed, and sometimes meditated with pleasure.’ He expressed his grateful sense of the assiduous care which Mr. Wardrobe, of Cult, had taken of him; and on his replying, ‘Too much could not be done for so valuable a life,’ he said, ‘O speak not so, or you will provoke God! Glory be to God, that I have ever had any regard paid me for Christ’s sake!’ I am greatly sunk under the event. O help me by your prayers, to get the proper submission and improvement!”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 414

I received a remarkable letter from a Clergyman, with whom I had been a day or two before. Part of it ran thus: — “I HAD the following account from the gentlewoman herself, a person of piety and veracity. She is now the wife of Mr. J—— B——, silversmith, in Cork:——

“‘About thirty years ago, I was addressed by way of marriage, by Mr. Richard Mercier, then a volunteer in the army. The young gentleman was quartered at that time in Charleville, where my father lived, who approved of his addresses, and directed me to look upon him as my future husband. When the regiment left the town, he promised to return in two months, and marry me. From Charleville he went to Dublin; thence to his father’s, and from thence to England; where his father having bought him a Cornetcy of horse, he purchased many ornaments for the wedding; and, returning to Ireland, let us know that he would be at our house in Charleville in a few days. On this the family was busied to prepare for his reception, and the ensuing marriage; when one night, my sister Molly and I being asleep in our bed, I was awakened by the sudden opening of the side curtain, and, starting up, saw Mr. Mercier standing by the bed side. He was wrapped up in a loose sheet, and had a napkin folded like a night cap, on his head. He looked at me very earnestly, and, lifting up the napkin, which much shaded his face, showed me the left side of his head, all bloody and covered with his brains. The room meantime was quite light. My terror was excessive, which was still increased by his stooping over the bed, and embracing me in his arms. My cries alarmed the whole family, who came crowding into the room. Upon their entrance he gently withdrew his arms, and ascended as it were through the ceiling. I continued for some time in strong fits. When I could speak, I told them what I had seen. One of them a day or two after, going to the post master for letters, found him reading the newspapers, in which was an account, that Cornet Mercier, going into Christ Church belfry in Dublin, just after the bells had been ringing, and standing under the bells, one of them, which was turned bottom upwards, suddenly turning again, struck one side of his head, and killed him on the spot. On further inquiry, we found he was struck on the left side of his head.’”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 415

I gave my last exhortation to the society in Cork, and setting out early on Monday, 7, in the evening came to Limerick.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 416

The account which one of our sisters gave of Ann Beauchamp was as follows: —

August 18, 1753. I went to see Ann Beauchamp, who had been ill for about a week. I asked her in what state she found her soul. She answered, “I am quite happy. I know that my Redeemer liveth, and has taken away all my sins. And my heart is comforted with the presence of God: I long to die, that I may be with Him.” I asked, “But are you resigned, either to live or die, as he shall see fit?” She answered, “I cannot say I am willing to live: It would go hard with me to live now. Pray that the Lord may perfect his work of sanctification in my soul.”

Being asked, if she could freely part with all her friends, she said, “Yes: And as to my children, I have cast them upon the Lord. I know he will take care of them; and I give them freely up to him, without one anxious thought.” She then prayed for her friends and acquaintance one by one, and afterwards, fervently and with tears, for each person in her band: Then for Mr. John Wesley, desiring she might be found at his feet in the day of the Lord.

Soon after she called her mother, desired forgiveness for any thing wherein she had ignorantly offended her, and exhorted her not to grieve; adding, “God will comfort you, and give you strength to bear your trial. It is your loss, but it is my everlasting gain; and I am going but a little before you.” She then prayed over her, and, kissing her, took her leave. In the same manner she took leave of all about her, exhorting, praying for, and kissing them, one by one: Afterward she called for, and took her leave of, her servants.

Seeing one of her neighbors in the room, she called her, and said, “O Mary, you are old in years, and old in sin. The Lord has born long with you, and you know not the day or the hour when he will call you. I am young, and he is calling me away; and what should I do without an interest in Christ? Was my work now to do, it would never be done: But, blessed be God, it is not. I know the Lord hath washed me from my sins in his own blood, and is preparing me for himself. O fly from the wrath to come, and never rest till you rest in the wounds of Jesus! I am almost spent: But had I strength, I could exhort you all till morning.”

To another she said, “‘Martha, Martha! thou art careful and troubled about many things; but one thing is needful;’ and this one thing you have neglected. O seek God, and he will supply all your wants. It is time for you to begin: Your glass is almost run; and what will all your toil profit when you come to be as I am now? Find time for this, whatever goes undone. My neighbors used to wonder how I could find time, and think me foolish for spending it so; but now I know it was not foolishness. Soon I shall receive an exceeding great reward.

“Perhaps some of you will say you was never called. Then remember, I call you now. I exhort every one of you to ‘seek the Lord while he may be found.’ Think not to make excuses in that day: God will have his witnesses; and I shall appear as a witness against you. If you repent not, these my dying words will rise up in judgment against you.” To her she said, “I forgive you all that you have done against me; and I have prayed the Lord to forgive you: return to him now, and he will receive you; for he desires not the death of a sinner. I am a witness of this; for he has forgiven all my sins. O! I want strength to sing his praise! But I am going where I shall sing his praise for ever.”

Then calling for her husband, she said, “My dear, God has given you many calls, even in dreams: And when we will not hear his call, it is often his way to make us feel his rod by removing our darling from us. I was your darling; and, seeing you refused the many calls of God, he is now taking me away from you, if, by any means, he may bring you to himself.” She then prayed for, and took her leave of him.

The next day when I came in, and asked, “How do you find yourself now?” she answered, “Blessed be God, very well. I know that my Redeemer lives: He is dear to me, and I am dear to him: I know he is preparing me for himself, and I shall soon be with him.” She then prayed earnestly for entire sanctification; till a friend coming in, she said, “The Lord has brought you, and all my dear friends, to my remembrance: I have not forgotten you in my prayers. You must come and pray my last prayer. When you see me near my deliverance, go all to prayer, and continue therein till my spirit is gone. Let there be no crying over me; but all of you sing praises and rejoice over me.” She never once complained of her pain; but behaved from the beginning with that patience, sweetness, and love to all, that bespoke a soul which knew herself just entering into the joy of her Lord. Thus she died the next morning, August the 20th, after crying out as in ecstasy, — Bold I approach the’ eternal throne,

And claim the crown through Christ my own.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 416

I rode over to Newmarket, and preached to an earnest congregation of poor people. In the morning, at the request of some of the neighboring Gentry, I deferred preaching till ten o’clock. Many of them were then present, and seemed not a little astonished: Perhaps they may remember it — a week.

In the afternoon I rode to Ballygarane, a town of Palatines, who came over in Queen Anne’s time. They retain much of the temper and manners of their own country, having no resemblance of those among whom they live. I found much life among this plain, artless, serious people. The whole town came together in the evening, and praised God for the consolation. Many of those who are not outwardly joined with us, walk in the light of God’s countenance; yea, and have divided themselves into classes, in imitation of our brethren with whom they live in perfect harmony.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 419

In examining the society I was obliged to pause, several times. The words of the plain, honest people came with so much weight, as frequently to stop me for a while, and raise a general cry among the hearers. I rode back through Adair, once a strong and flourishing town, well walled, and full of people; now, without walls, and almost without inhabitants, only a few poor huts remain. At a small distance from these are the ample ruins of three or four convents, delightfully situated by the river, which runs through a most fruitful vale.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 419

I talked with one who was in deep distress. She had been represented to me as in despair; but I soon found her disorder (natural or preternatural) had nothing to do with religion. She was greatly troubled, but knew not why; not for her sins, they scarce came into her mind. I know not that prayer will avail for her, till she is troubled in quite another manner; till she cries out from her inmost soul, “God be merciful to me a sinner!”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 419

I called on Mrs. F, whom I saw some years since in despair of quite another kind. Between nine and ten years ago her daughter married without her consent: This was followed by other distressing circumstances, in the midst of which she cried out, “God has forsaken me.” She was immediately seized with violent pain: She could not see the sun, or the light, only a dim twilight: She could not taste her meat or drink, any more than the white of an egg: She had a constant impulse to kill herself, which she believed she must do; and attempted several times. After having continued thus three years and a half, she resolved to endure it no longer; accordingly she procured a knife to cut her throat, and did cut through the skin, but could get no further; it seemed to her as if the flesh were iron; she threw down the knife, burst into tears, fell upon her knees, and began (what she had not done all the time) to pour out her soul before God. Fear and sorrow fled away: She rejoiced in God; she saw the light of the sun; her natural taste returned; and she has been ever since in health of body and peace of mind.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 420

I took my leave of Limerick, and rode to Six-Mile-Bridge. There I left T. Walsh to preach in Irish, and went on to Rathlahine.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 420

I went on to Ennis, a town consisting almost wholly of Papists, except a few Protestant gentlemen. One of these (the chief person in the town) had invited me to his house, and walked with me to the Court-House, where I preached to a huge, wild, unawakened multitude, Protestants and Papists, many of whom would have been rude enough if they durst.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 420

Mr. Walsh preached at six, first in Irish and then in English. The Papist Priest had contrived to have his Service just at the same hour; and his man came again and again with his bell, but not one in ten of his people would stir. At eight I preached to a far more serious congregation; and the word seemed to sink into their hearts.

We took horse about ten, and rode through the fruitful and pleasant county of Galway. After having heard so much of the barrenness of this county, I was surprised, in riding almost the whole length of it, from Southeast to Northwest, to find only four or five miles of rocky ground, like the West of Cornwall; all the rest exceeded most that I have seen in Ireland. We came to Galway pretty well tired, and would willingly have rested at the inn where we alighted from our horses; but the landlord informed us he had no room; both his house and stables were full. Two regiments of soldiers passing through the town had taken up all the inns: However, we procured a private lodging, which was full as agreeable. The town is old, and not ill built, most of the houses being, of stone, and several stories high. It is encompassed with an old, bad wall, and is in no posture of defense, either toward the land or toward the sea. Such is the supine negligence of both English and Irish!

Five or six persons, who seemed to fear God, came to us at our lodgings. We spent a little time with them in prayer, and early in the morning set out for Castlebar.

This day, likewise, I was agreeably surprised at the pleasantness and fruitfulness of the country. About noon two or three friends met us, and begged us to turn aside to Hollymount, a town twelve miles from Castlebar, where the Minister readily consented to my preaching in the church. Many Papists as well as Protestants were there, and my heart was much enlarged toward them. Through a delightful mixture of vales and gently rising hills, we then rode on to Castlebar.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 420

The Rector having left word that I should have the use of the church, I preached there morning and afternoon, to such a congregation as (they said) was never there before: And surely the word of God had free course; I saw not one light or inattentive hearer. Mr. Walsh afterward preached in the Sessions-House, to another large and serious congregation. And, Tuesday, 29, being St. Peter’s day, I read Prayers and preached to as large a congregation as on Sunday. In the afternoon I rode over to Newport, eleven miles from Castlebar. About thirty years ago, a little company of Protestants settled here, by a river-side, on the very extremity of the land, and built a small town. It has a fruitful hill on each side, and a large bay to the West, full of small fertile islands, containing from one to several thousand acres. Of these they compute above three hundred, and near an hundred are inhabited; but by Papists alone, there not being so much as a single Protestant among them! I went directly to the Rector’s, who had before given me an invitation. Between seven and eight I preached to (I suppose) more than all the Protestants in the town. Deep attention sat on every face. Perhaps God touched some hearts.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 421

At eleven Mr. H. read Prayers, and I preached on Galatians 6:14. The church stands at a distance from the town, and it rained hard; but that could not stop the congregation. In the afternoon I returned to Castlebar.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 422

There is just such a work here as was some years since at Athlone. The whole town is pleased, but few are convinced. The stream runs very wide, but very shallow.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 422

I read Prayers and preached at Ballyheen, Mr. E——’s other church. The congregation at Castlebar in the afternoon was larger than ever before. In the morning, Monday, 5, the greater half of them were present, and we had a solemn parting. In the afternoon we came to Hollymount, some years since one of the pleasantest places in Ireland. Dr. Vesey, then Archbishop of Tuam, fixed on this spot, nine miles from his See, built a neat commodious house on a little eminence, laid out fruit and flower gardens round it, brought a river to run through them, and encompassed the whole with walks and groves of stately trees. When he had finished his plan, round a stone pillar, which stands in a basin surrounded by a small green plat of ground, he placed the following inscription: — Linquenda tellus, et domus, et placens

Uxor, cum numerosa et speciosa prole,

Chara charae matris sobole:

Neque harum quas colis arborum

Te praeter invisam cupressum

Ulla brevem dominum sequetur!¹

I was just going to preach in the church yard, when Mr. C. sent his son with the key of the church. Almost half the congregation were Papists, whom all the threats of their Priest could not keep away. Not expecting to see any of them again, I spake very plain once for all.

In the morning we rode through Tuam, a neat little town, scarce half so large as Islington; nor is the cathedral half so large as Islington church. The old church at Kilconnel, two miles from Aghrim, is abundantly larger. If one may judge by the vast ruins that remain, (over all which we walked in the afternoon,) it was a far more stately pile of building, than any that is now standing in Ireland. Adjoining to it are the ruins of a large monastery; many of the cells and apartments are pretty entire. At the west end of the church lie abundance of skulls, piled one upon another, with innumerable bones round about, scattered as dung upon the earth. O sin, what hast thou done!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 422

I preached at Aghrim morning and evening, and then rode over to Castlebar. Mr. M. has now lost both his brother and his two daughters, two of the most agreeable women in the kingdom, caught away in the full bloom of youth and beauty: If they can be termed lost, who all committed their souls unto Him they loved, in the full triumph of faith.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 423

A coach full of us, with several horsemen, and others on foot, went to Ahaskra in the morning. The rest of the congregation were mostly Papists. But all heard with earnest attention. I preached in the evening at Athlone, where, on Friday, 9, we had a solemn watch-night.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 423

We had a blessed opportunity in the evening on the Connaught side of the river. Almost all the Protestants in the town were present, with abundance of Papists. And many of them acknowledged the doctrine of Christ crucified to he “the power of God and the wisdom of God.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 423

After preaching at Abidarrig about noon, I went on to Longford. Many supposed the mob would be too violent there to allow me a peaceable hearing. I began at five in the yard of the old barrack. An huge crowd soon flocked in; but most of the Papists stood at the gate, or just without the wall. They were all still as night; nor did I hear an uncivil word while we afterwards walked from one end of the town to the other.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 424

A large congregation was present at five, and stood unmoved, notwithstanding some heavy showers. At noon I preached at Cleg-Hill; at five in the barrack yard again, where the concourse of people was greater than before. Mr. P., the Minister of a neighboring parish, and another Clergyman who came with him, received the truth in love: Mrs. P. (his wife) found rest to her soul.

But how is it, that almost in every place, even where there is no lasting fruit, there is so great an impression made at first upon a considerable number of people? The fact is this: — Everywhere the work of God rises higher and higher, till it comes to a point. Here it seems for a short time to be at a stay. And then it gradually sinks again.

All this may easily be accounted for. At first curiosity brings many hearers: At the same time God draws many by his preventing grace to hear his word, and comforts them in hearing. One then tells another. By this means, on the one hand, curiosity spreads and increases, and, on the other, drawings of God’s Spirit touch more hearts; and many of them more powerfully than before. He now offers grace to all that hear; most of whom are in some measure afflicted, and more or less moved, with approbation of what they hear, desire to please God, and goodwill to his messenger: These principles, variously combined and increasing, raise the general work to its highest point. But it cannot stand here; for in the nature of things, curiosity must soon decline. Again, the drawings of God are not followed; and thereby the Spirit of God is grieved. The consequence is, he strives with this and this man no more, and so his drawings end. Thus both the natural and supernatural power declining, most of the hearers will be less and less afflicted. Add to this, that in the process of the work, “it must be, that offenses will come.” Some of the hearers, if not Preachers also, will act contrary to their profession. Either their follies or faults will be told from one to another, and lose nothing in the telling. Men once curious to hear, will now draw back: Men once drawn, having stifled their good desires, will disapprove what they approved before, and feel dislike, instead of goodwill, to the Preacher. Others, who were more or less convinced, will be afraid or ashamed to acknowledge that conviction. And all these will catch at ill stories, (true or false,) in order to justify their change. When, by this means, all who do not savingly believe, have quenched the Spirit of God, the little flock goes on from faith to faith; the rest sleep on and take their rest. And thus the number of hearers in every place may be expected first to increase, and then decrease.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 424

At noon I preached at Coolylough, where the Preachers and Stewards met.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 425

In the evening I preached at Tullamore, in Barrack-Street; and many who never had so much curiosity as to walk an hundred yards to hear the preaching, vouchsafed to hear it at their own doors. In the middle of the sermon came a Quarter-Master, very drunk, and rushed in among the people. In a short time he slipped off his hat, and gave all the attention of which he was capable. So did many of the soldiers, and many officers. O let some lay it to heart!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 425

We walked down to Lord Tullamore’s, (that was his title then,) an old mile from the town. His gardens are extremely pleasant. They contain groves, little meadows, kitchen gardens, plats of flowers, and little orchards, intermixed with fine canals and pieces of water. And will not all these make their owner happy? Not if he has one unholy temper! Not unless he has in himself a fountain of water, springing up into everlasting life.

About this time I received a letter without a name, part of which I have subjoined: —

“SIR,

“HAVING observed your Christian condescension in those labors of love, so truly calculated for the use of common people, I presume to beg your pen in behalf of the next class of God’s creatures. And I would ask, if nature, reason, and Revelation do not all plead in favor even of the brute creation. Is it not unnatural and inhuman, to put them to more pain than is necessary for the service of man? Can reason consent to the making sport with the life or misery of any creature? May not the great law of equity, doing as we would be done to, be extended even to them? May we not suppose ourselves in their place, and thence determine, what they may fairly expect from us? Hath not the Supreme Being given injunctions against cruelty toward them, and commanded that they should enjoy the rest of his day? Did he not rebuke the Prophet for smiting his beast without cause; and mention the ‘much cattle,’ as one motive to the divine compassion, in sparing the ‘great city?’ The Scripture saith, ‘A good man is merciful to his beast.’ And can he be a good man, that is not so, if goodness consists in imitating Him, whose ‘mercy is over all his works?’ For ‘he openeth his hand, and satisfieth the desire of every living thing.’ “If tenderness, mercy, and compassion to the brute creatures were impressed on the infant breast, and conducted into action according to its little power, would it not be confirmed in the human heart? And might not this early prepossession be for ever established there; and through an happy bias extend its benevolence to the whole creation?

“Does not experience show the sad effects of a contrary education? While children, instead of being taught benevolence to irrationals, are suffered to torment first poor little insects, and then every helpless creature that comes in their way, can it be expected, that, being thus inured to cruelty and oppression even in their tender years, they should relent when they come to age, and be susceptible of compassion even to rationales? It cannot. For is pity shown to man, only because he has reason? If so, those would lose their claim to our compassion who stand in the greatest need of it; namely, children, idiots, and lunatics. But if pity is shown to all that are capable of pain, then may it justly be expected that we should sympathize with every thing that has life.

“I am persuaded you are not insensible of the pain given to every Christian, every humane heart, by those savage diversions, bull baiting, cock fighting, horse racing, and hunting. Can any of these irrational and unnatural sports appear otherwise than cruel, unless through early prejudice, or entire want of consideration and reflection? And if man is void of these, does he deserve the name of man? Or is he fit for society? And, besides, how dreadful are the concomitant and the consequent vices of these savage routs! Yet such cowards are we grown, that scarce any man has courage to draw his pen against them!”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 425

I preached in Tyrrel’s Pass at five, and T. Walsh at eight. Hence we rode to Ballybeg, near Drumeree, where we found a little company of earnest people, most of them rejoicing in the love of God. To these were added a few from the county of Cavan. Joseph Charles going thither some time since, on temporal business, occasionally spoke of the things of God. Many believed his report; and some found his words “the power of God unto salvation.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 427

A little before twelve (the usual hour in Ireland) the Morning Service began at Rosmead church, where Mr. Booker preached an useful sermon. I preached at five to abundance of plain country people, and two coaches full of Gentry. O how hard is it for these to enter into the kingdom of heaven!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 427

No sooner did we enter Ulster than we observed the difference. The ground was cultivated just as in England; and the cottages not only neat, but with doors, chimneys, and windows. Newry, the first town we came to, (allowing for the size,) is built much after the manner of Liverpool. I preached soon after seven to a large congregation, and to great part of them at five in the morning. Afterwards I spoke to the members of the society, consisting of Churchmen, Dissenters, and Papists that were. But there is no striving among them, unless to “enter in at the strait gate.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 427

In the morning there was such violent lightning, thunder, and rain, that the very beasts ran out of the fields, and the birds flew from their usual coverts, to take shelter in the houses. But before we took horse the sky cleared up, and we had a pleasant ride to Terryhugan, near Scarva. The road lay on the edge of a smooth canal, with fruitful, gently rising hills on either side. We were at a lone house; but the people found their way thither in the evening from all quarters. I preached in a meadow near the house, the congregation sitting on the grass. And surely they had ears to hear. God give them hearts to understand!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 427

We rode through heavy rain to Lisburn. I preached in the market-house at seven. One man only gain sayed; but the bystanders used him so roughly, that he was soon glad to hold his peace.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 428

The Rector, with his Curate, called upon me; candidly proposed their objections, and spent about two hours in free, serious, friendly, conversation. How much evil might be prevented or removed, would other Clergymen follow their example!

I rode in the afternoon to Belfast, the largest town in Ulster. Some think it contains near as many people as Limerick: It is far cleaner and pleasanter. At seven I preached in the market-house to as large a congregation as at Lisburn; and to near the same number in the morning. But some of them did not stay till I concluded. They went away in haste when I showed, how “Christ crucified” is “to the Greeks foolishness.”

Hence we rode along the shore to Carrickfergus, said to be the most ancient town in Ulster. The walls are still, as it were, standing; and the castle built upon a rock. But it is little more than a heap of ruins, with eight or nine old dismounted, rusty cannon. What it was in the reign of its founder, King Fergus, does not much concern us to know.

I preached in the Session-House at seven, to most of the inhabitants of the town. But Satan had prepared one of his instruments, when I had done, to catch the seed out of their hearts. A poor enthusiast began a dull, pointless harangue, about hirelings and false prophets. But the door keeper crying out, “I am going to lock the doors,” cut his discourse short.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 428

I preached at nine in the upper Court-House, which was considerably larger than the other. James Rely began his bad work again, as soon as I had done speaking; but I walked quietly away; as did also the congregation.

At eleven I went to church, to the surprise of many, and heard a lively, useful sermon. After dinner one of our brethren asked if I was ready to go to the meeting. I told him, “I never go to a meeting.” He seemed as much astonished as the old Scot, at Newcastle, who left us because we were mere Church of England men. We are so; although we condemn none who have been brought up in another way.

About five, even the larger Court-House being too small to contain the congregation, I the more readily complied with the desire of the prisoners, to preach in the street, near the prison door. I spoke as plain and as home as ever in my life, on, “Ye must be born again.” Poor James was now resolved to speak, and got on a little eminence on purpose. And what could hinder him? Why,

Vox faucibus haesit¹

He cawed and cawed, but could utter nothing, hardly three words together. This also hath God wrought: He hath stopped the mouth of the gainsayer, and preserved the weak from being offended.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 428

Mr. Walsh met me at Belfast, and informed me that the day before he was at Newtown, intending to preach: But while he was at prayer, Mr. M——r came with a drunken mob, seized him by the throat, and dragged him along, till a stout man seized him, and constrained him to quit his hold. Mr. W. having refreshed himself at a friend’s house, began a second time. But in a quarter of an hour, Mr. M., having rallied his mob, came again: On which Mr. W. gave him the ground, and walked away over the fields.

In the evening I spoke very plain at Lisburn, both to the great vulgar and the small. But between Seceders, old self conceited Presbyterians, New-Light men, Moravians, Cameronians, and formal Churchmen, it is a miracle of miracles if any here bring forth fruit to perfection. The country between Lisburn and Moira is much like Berkshire, having fruitful vales in each side of the road, and well wooded hills running even with them, at a small distance. At seven I preached in the market-house at Lurgan. Many of the Gentry were met at the room over it, it being the time of the assembly. The violins were just tuning; but they ceased till I had done; and the novelty at least drew and fixed the attention of the whole company.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 429

I read Mr. Barton’s ingenious “Lectures on Lough Neagh,” near Lurgan, which turns wood into stone, and cures the King’s evil, and most cutaneous distempers. Under part of this lake there is first a stratum of firm clay, and under that a stratum of trees four foot thick, all compacted into one mass, doubtless by the pressure of the incumbent earth, (perhaps water too,) which it has probably sustained ever since the General Deluge.

In the evening we had the largest congregation which I have seen since we left Cork. It was almost as large at five in the morning. Why should we despair of doing good at Lurgan also?

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 430

I preached at Newry, and the three following days. On Monday, AUGUST 2, I returned to Rosmead.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 430

We rode to Tullamore through heavy rain, which a strong wind drove full in our face. The only wild Irish whom I have seen yet, a knot of Officers, were present at the preaching in the evening, and behaved tolerably well.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 430

I preached at Portarlington in the evening, and was going to take horse in the morning, when a gentleman came, and said he was just setting out for Dublin, and would be glad of my company in his chariot. I accompanied him to Johnstown, where we dined; and then took horse and rode on to Dublin.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 430

On this and the next day I finished my business in Ireland, so as to be ready to sail at an hour’s warning.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 430

We were to sail, the wind being fair; but as we were going aboard, it turned full east. I find it of great use to be in suspense: It is an excellent means of breaking our will. May we be ready either to stay longer on this shore, or to launch into eternity!

On Tuesday evening I preached my farewell sermon. Mr. Walsh did the same in the morning. We then walked to the quay: But it was still a doubt whether we were to sail or no; Sir T. P. having sent word to the Captain of the packet, that if the wind was fair, he would go over; and it being his custom (hominis magnificentiam!) 14 to keep the whole ship to himself. But the wind coming to the East, he would not go: So about noon we went on board. In two or three hours we reached the mouth of the harbor. It then fell calm. We had five cabin passengers, beside Mr. Walsh, Haughton, Morgan, and me. They were all civil and tolerably serious: The sailors likewise behaved uncommonly well.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 431

About eight we began singing on the quarter deck; which soon drew all our fellow passengers, as well as the Captain, with the greatest part of his men. I afterwards gave an exhortation. We then spent some time in prayer. They all kneeled down with us: Nor did their seriousness wear off all the day. About nine we landed at Holyhead, after a pleasant passage of twenty three hours.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 431

Having hired horses for Chester, we set out about seven. Before one we reached Bangor, the situation of which is delightful beyond expression. Here we saw a large and handsome cathedral, but no trace of the good old Monks of Bangor; so many hundreds of whom fell a sacrifice at once to cruelty and revenge. The country from hence to Penmaen Mawr is far pleasanter than any garden. Mountains of every shape any size, vales clothed with grass or corn, woods and smaller tufts of trees, were continually varying on the one hand, as was the sea prospect on the other. Penmaen Mawr itself rises almost perpendicular to an enormous height from the sea. The road runs along the side of it, so far above the beach, that one could not venture to look down, but that there is a wall built all along, about four foot high. Meantime, the ragged cliff hangs over one’s head, as if it would fall every moment. An hour after we had left this awful place, we came to the ancient town of Conway. It is walled round; and the walls are in tolerably good repair. The castle is the noblest ruin I ever saw. It is four square, and has four large round towers, one at each corner, the inside of which have been stately apartments. One side of the castle is a large church, the windows and arches of which have been curiously wrought. An arm of the sea runs round two sides of the hill on which the castle stands; — once the delight of Kings, now overgrown with thorns, and inhabited by doleful birds only.

About eight we reached Place-Bagh, where, as soon as I named my name, William Roberts received us with all gladness. But neither he nor any of his family could speak one sentence of English: Yet our guide helped us out pretty well. After supper we sung and went to prayers. Though they could not speak it, most of them understood English: And God spoke to their hearts.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 431

Several of the neighbors came early in the morning, and gladly received a few words of exhortation. We then rode on, through one of the pleasantest countries in the world, by Holywell to Chester. Here we had a comfortable meeting in the evening, as well as the next day, both in the Room and in the Square.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 432

The rain was suspended, while I preached to a large and quiet congregation.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 432

I rode to Bolton. Though I came unexpected, the House was well filled. After resting a day, on Thursday, 19, I went on to Manchester, and preached in the evening to a large congregation, without the least disturbance. The tumults here are now at an end; chiefly through the courage and activity of a single Constable.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 432

I rode to Chelmorton in the Peak. Although the poor people had no previous notice, they supplied the want of it by sending quickly to the neighboring villages. Between seven and eight the house was pretty well filled; and many of them were extremely thankful.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 432

We set out early; and, after spending an hour at Ashbourn, hastened on to Lichfield: But it was not without difficulty; the waters being out to a very uncommon degree, in many places. About eight we reached Wednesbury, tired enough. There we stayed the next day.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 432

We rode forward to Redditch. It had rained all the way, so that Mr. Walsh was obliged to go to bed as soon as we came in. Having dried some of our clothes, Mr. Bruce and I took horse again about two; having one with us who knew the byroads, the common road being unpassable through the floods. About five we came to a broad water, which our guide did not care to pass. Mr. Bruce, seeing a footbridge, walked over it, leading his horse by a long reign through the water: But in an instant the horse disappeared. However, he soon emerged and gained the bank. I rode through, at a small distance, very safely; and in the evening preached at Evesham.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

Finding we could not ride the usual way, we procured another guide, and rode by Andover-Ford to Stroud. Mr. Jones and my brother met us here.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

We rode on to Bristol.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

About fifty of us being met, the Rules of the Society were read over, and carefully considered one by one: But we did not find any that could be spared. So we all agreed to abide by them all, and to recommend them with our might.

We then largely considered the necessity of keeping in the Church, and using the Clergy with tenderness; and there was no dissenting voice. God gave us all to be of one mind and of one judgment.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

The Rules of the Bands were read over and considered, one by one; which, after some verbal alterations, we all agreed to observe and enforce.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

The Rules of Kingswood School were read and considered, one by one; and we were all convinced they were agreeable to Scripture and reason: In consequence of which it was agreed, —

1. That a short account of the design and present state of the School be read by every Assistant in every society: And,

2. That a subscription for it be begun in every place, and (if need be) a collection made every year.

My brother and I closed the Conference by a solemn declaration of our purpose never to separate from the Church; and all our brethren concurred therein.

For a few days I was laid up with a flux; but on Sunday, SEPTEMBER 5, I crept out again, and preached at Kingswood in the morning, and Stokes-Croft in the afternoon.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 433

I set out in the machine, and on Tuesday evening came to London.

Wednesday, and Thursday, I settled my temporal business. It is now about eighteen years since I began writing and printing books; and how much in that time have I gained by printing? Why, on summing up my accounts, I found that on March 1,1756, (the day I left London last,) I had gained by printing and preaching together, a debt of twelve hundred and thirty-six pounds.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 434

I preached at a famous place, commonly called, “The Bull-and-Mouth Meeting;” which had belonged, I suppose, near an hundred years, to the people called Quakers. As much of real religion as was ever preached there, I trust will be preached there still; and perhaps in a more rational, scriptural, and intelligible manner.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 434

I read over Mr. Fry’s “Case of Marriage between Near Relations, Considered.” It is the best tract I ever read upon the subject: I suppose the best that is extant. And two points, I think, he has fully proved:

l. That many marriages, commonly supposed to be unlawful, are neither contrary to the law of nature, nor the revealed law of God, nor the law of the land;

2. That Ecclesiastical Courts have no right to meddle with any case of this kind.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 434

I walked over to Bishop Bonner’s, and preached to a large and serious congregation. I found some faintness, the sun being extremely hot; but more in walking from thence to Westminster, where I preached at seven. In the night my old disorder returned, and gradually increased, in spite of all medicines. However, on Sunday and Monday it was so far suspended, that I abated nothing of my usual employment.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

I was considering, I had not yet asked help of the great Physician; and I resolved to delay no longer. In that hour I felt a change. I slept sound that night, and was well the next day.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

My disorder returned as violent as ever: But I regarded it not while I was performing the Service at Snowsfields in the morning, or afterward at Spitalfields; till I went to the Lord’s Table in order to administer. A thought then came into my mind, “Why do I not apply to God in the beginning, rather than the end, of an illness?” I did so, and found immediate relief; so that I needed no farther medicines.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

I wrote a second letter to the authors of the “Monthly Review;” — ingenious men, but no friends to the Godhead of Christ. Yet, upon farther consideration, I judged it best to drop the controversy. It is enough that I have delivered my own soul: If they scorn, they alone shall bear it.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

I preached to an huge multitude in Moorfields, on, “Why will ye die, O house of Israel?” It is field preaching which does the execution still: For usefulness there is none comparable to it.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

I went to Leigh. Where we dined, a poor woman came to the door with two little children. They seemed to be half starved, as well as their mother, who was also shivering with an ague. She was extremely thankful for a little food, and still more so for a few pills, which seldom fail to cure that disorder.

In this little journey I read over a curiosity indeed, — a French heroic poem, Voltaire’s “Henriade.” He is a very lively writer, of a fine imagination; and allowed, I suppose, by ail competent judges, to be a perfect master of the French language: And by him I was more than ever convinced, that the French is the poorest, meanest language in Europe; that it is no more comparable to the German or Spanish, than a bagpipe is to an organ; and that, with regard to poetry in particular, considering the incorrigible uncouthness of their measure, and their always writing in rhyme, (to say nothing of their vile double rhymes, nay, and frequent false rhymes,) it is as impossible to write a fine poem in French, as to make fine music upon a Jew’s harp.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 435

I baptized Hannah C——, late a Quaker. God, as usual, bore witness to his ordinance. A solemn awe spread over the whole congregation, and many could not refrain from tears.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 436

I received the following letter: —

“REV. SIR,

“THE glory of God and the good of mankind are the motives that induce me to write the following.

“As it is our duty to do all we can to make all around us happy, I think there is one thing that may be done to promote so blessed an end, which will at the same time be very advantageous to them that practice it; namely, to efface all the obscene words which are written on houses, doors, or walls, by evil minded men. This which I recommend to others, I constantly practice myself; and if ever I omit doing it, I am severely checked, unless I can produce some good reason for that omission. I do it with a sponge, which for that purpose I carry in my pocket. The advantages I reap from hence are,

1. Peace of conscience in doing my duty.

2. It helps me to conquer the fear of man, which is one of my greatest trials.

3. It is matter of joy, that I can do any the least service to any one: And as all persons, especially the young, are liable to temptations to impurity, I cannot do too much to remove such temptations, either from myself or others.

Perhaps, too, when the unhappy writers pass by, and see their bad labors soon effaced, they may be discouraged from pursuing so shameful a work; yea, and brought to a better mind.

“Perhaps in some places it might not be amiss, in the room of what is effaced, to write some serious sentence, or short text of Scripture: And wherever we do this, would it not be well to lift up our heart to God, in behalf of those sinners, in this or the like manner; ‘Lord, lay not this sin to their charge! Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do!’”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 436

I began reading that excellent book, “The Gospel Glass,” to the morning congregation; a method which I find more profitable for “instruction in righteousness,” than any other manner of preaching.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 437

I began reading over, with the Preachers that were in town, Mr. Pike’s Philosophia Sacra. It contains the marrow of Mr. Hutchinson’s philosophy clearly and modestly proposed; but upon a close examination, I found the proofs were grievously defective. I shall never receive Mr. Hutchinson’s creed, unless ipse dixit pass for evidence.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 437

I yielded to importunity, and spent an hour with poor Mr. V— —, who was awakened and found peace in attending our preaching, and soon after turned Quaker. I did wonder at it once, but I do not now. One so full of himself might turn Papist or Mahometan.

Monday, NOVEMBER 1, was a day of triumphant joy, as All-Saints’ Day generally is. How superstitious are they who scruple giving God solemn thanks for the lives and deaths of his saints!

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 437

Having procured an apparatus on purpose, I ordered several persons to be electrified, who were ill of various disorders; some of whom found an immediate, some a gradual, cure. From this time I appointed, first some hours in every week, and afterward an hour in everyday, wherein any that desired it, might try the virtue of this surprising medicine. Two or three years after, our patients were so numerous that we were obliged to divide them: So part were electrified in Southwark, part at the Foundery, others near St. Paul’s, and the rest near the Seven-Dials: The same method we have taken ever since; and to this day, while hundreds, perhaps thousands, have received unspeakable good, I have not known one man, woman, or child, who has received any hurt thereby: So that when I hear any talk of the danger of being electrified, (especially if they are medical men who talk so,) I cannot but impute it to great want either of sense or honesty.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 437

I read over Leusden’s “Dissertation in Defense of the Hebrew Points,” and was fully convinced, there is at least as much to be said on this as on the other side of the question. But how is it that men are so positive on both sides while demonstration is to be had on neither? Certainly to be peremptory and dogmatical can never be so inexcusable as in a point so doubtful as this.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 438

I read with the Preachers this week the Glasgow “Abridgment of Mr. Hutchinson’s Works;” wherein the abridgers have expressed, with surprising exactness, not only his sense, but his very spirit: But in truth, I cannot admire either; nay, I admire his hypothesis less and less, as I see the whole is unsupported by Scripture: Very ingenious, but quite precarious.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 438

One or two remarkable letters were put into my hands: Part of the first ran thus: —

“BLESSED be God, who desireth not the death of a sinner! It pleased him not to cut off my son in his sins. He gave him time to repent; and not only so, but a heart to repent. He showed him his lost estate by nature, and that unless he was reconciled to God by his Son, and washed in his blood from all his sins, he could never be saved. After he was condemned at York for a robbery on the highway, I attended him in the condemned room; and, blessed be God, he enabled me to preach the everlasting Gospel to him. It was on Saturday he was condemned. It was on the Saturday following the Lord touched his heart. He then began to wrestle with God in prayer, and left not off till Sunday in the afternoon, when God, who is rich in mercy, applied the blood of his Son, and convinced him, he had forgiven him all his sins. He felt his soul at peace with God, and longed to depart and to be with Christ. The following week his peace increased daily, till on Saturday, the day he was to die, he came out of the condemned room clothed in his shroud, and went into the cart. As he went on, the cheerfulness and composure of his countenance were amazing to all the spectators. At the place of execution, after he had spent some time in prayer, he rose up, took a cheerful leave of his friends, and said, ‘Glory be to God for free grace!’ His last words were, ‘Lord Jesus, receive my soul.’”

Part of the other letter, wrote by himself to his wife, was as follows — “MY DEAR,

“RIGHTEOUS is the Lord, and just are his judgments! His hand of justice cuts my life short, but his hand of mercy saves my soul. You, for one, are a witness of the course of life I led. Were it in my power, I should gladly make amends to you and every one else that I have wronged. But, seeing it is not, I hope that God and you, and every one else, will accept of my willing mind. In a few hours I shall be delivered out of this miserable world. But, glory be to God, he has given repentance and remission of sins to me, the worst of sinners: He has taken away the sting of death, and I am prepared to meet my God. Let my example encourage every sinner to forsake sin, and come unto God through Jesus Christ. As a dying man I give you this advice: — Give yourself wholly up to God. Pray to Him, and never rest till yon have secured an interest in the blood of Christ. Live in his fear, and you (as well as I) shall die in his favor. So no more from “Your dying husband,

“York Castle, Aug. 20. RICHARD VARLEY.”

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 438

I began reading to our Preachers the late Bishop of Cork’s excellent “Treatise on Human Understanding;” in most points far clearer and more judicious than Mr. Locke’s, as well as designed to advance a better cause.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 439

A person who was dying of a cancer in her breast, and deeply convinced of sin, sent a post chaise, in which I went to her at Epsom. I left her on Saturday morning in strong hope she should not go hence till her eyes had seen His salvation.

In my fragments of time, in the following week, I read Mr. Hanway’s accurate “History of Shah Nadir, commonly called Kouli Khan:” A scourge of God indeed! A prodigy of valor and conduct, but an unparalleled monster of rapine and cruelty. Alexander the Great, yea, Nero, or Domitian, was an innocent in comparison of him.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 440

I buried the remains of Joseph Yarner, an Israelite indeed. The peace which filled his heart during his last hours, gave such a bloom to his very countenance, as remained after death, to the surprise of all who remembered the cloud that used to hang upon it.

WES_WW02.PDF, p. 440