Joseph Sutcliffe: prefaces and supplementary material

Introduction.

SUT_VOL1.PDF, source PDF p. 4

INTRODUCTION.

CHRISTIAN READER,

GOD, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past to the fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days spoken to us by his Son. The whole mythology of the gentile world is built upon the tradition, that God has spoken to men. The wide diffusion of science, and the discoveries made by universal travel, have established the common sentiment, that the Egyptians, the Brahmins, the Chinese, all expected a Messiah, and expected him from heaven. Hence he is denominated LIGHT by the Egyptians, and VISHNOO by the Hindoos.

God is a being supreme in power, infinite in wisdom, goodness and love; and how much soever he may hide things not essential for mortals to know, yet he cannot see a world of intelligent beings, grovelling in darkness, groaning in anguish, guilt and death, without extending the compassion essential to his nature. He who has taught all parents to give the best advice in their power to their children, could not assuredly send Adam, his first-born son, into a world of woes, of pains and deaths, without a covenant, without his promised presence, without the hopes and earnests of a future world.

And if so, to whom should he give that revelation, but to the great fathers of the human race, who could not but have paternal regards for the happiness of posterity. At what time should he give it, but in the early ages, that it might be conveyed by the wandering families to every part of the earth, and be everywhere attested, by traditions, by altars, and by monuments of piety and devotion.

All those altars are demonstrations of a divine revelation. They exhibit a satisfaction for sin, to propitiate an offended Deity; for man, burdened with guilt, could never think of burning a lamb, or of slaying a son for his sin, if some notions had not been given him by revelation, that propitiatory sacrifices must be offered, and his soul purified by the washing of water, and the sprinkling of atoning blood. Nay more: however dark and degenerate the wicked might be, devout men have understood from the beginning, that “the ritual law was a shadow of good things to come.” Creation is the grand mirror which reflects the perfections of the invisible God. His wisdom shines in all his works; his overflowing goodness and love are seen in providing food for every creature, and in clothing adapted to every clime. Yet, strange to tell, while he is blessing all, men are cursing one another; while, as a divine parent he is preserving all, the nations are destroying one another, by revengeful wars and with ingenious malice far beyond that of the wild beasts. The great theatre of universal history exhibits a world in full revolt against the laws of heaven, and in every possible form of crime.

Is it then contrary to the laws of nature, which attach appropriate pains to intemperance; to the operations of providence, which reveal the anger of God against sin; to the laws of criminal justice, which have ever claimed divine authority, that God should require a satisfaction for the sin of the world, a satisfaction which becomes the grandeur of his perfections, and which manifests his infinite abhorrence of moral evil.

And what scheme of satisfaction was ever presented to the world like that arising out of the Mediatorial glory of Christ? The Redeemer clothed with our flesh, and suffering for man! The divinity dwelling in him to give dignity to his person, and merit to his passion! If our ruin was by one, our recovery is by another. If our fall was without our fault, our redemption is without our help. He bore the curse—he died the death—he burst the tomb—he ascended in triumph to heaven—he inspired the apostles to preach to the gentiles—he formed churches to nourish the converts—he has opened a fountain for the ablution of crimes—he regenerates the heart—he prepares a heaven for the weary pilgrims. Could the poor fishermen of Galilee reason out so fine a scheme, and justify the ways of God to man?

St. Paul remarks, and remarks with emphasis, that when the fulness of time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman. There was no other age but that of the Roman power, in which the Saviour could have come with equal advantage. The nations were lost in ignorance, abandoned to superstition and crime; their governments were tyranny, their habits revenge and war.

Was it then by chance, that heaven prepared the way of the Messiah by the Roman conquests, which levelled the mountains and exalted the vallies? Was it by chance, that those conquerors were the most tolerant of all nations to temples of every description? Was it by chance, that the Hebrew prophets spake of the Messiah’s sufferings, and represented him in more than forty tragic characters; and against the prejudices of the priests, who contended that their expected King must reign in Jerusalem? Was it by chance, that they spake of the conversion of the gentiles, and all the glory of the latter day? Was it by chance, that the Romans burned Jerusalem, and dispersed the surviving Jews? Was it by chance, that God sent the christian law out of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem; that the gospel was like the sun, enlightening the world at once, and that no imperial persecutions could suppress it? Was it by chance, that providence thus gave the comment on prophecy, commanding all men everywhere to repent and embrace the Saviour? If any man want clearer evidence, let him subdue his passions, and devoutly ask it in prayer; for “he that believeth on the Son of God hath the witness in himself.”

The holy Scriptures being the fountain of life, flowing from the throne of God and the Lamb, and the divine wisdom contained in them a treasure above the wealth of worlds, their preservation has been a subject of divine care, which providence has ever associated with the preservation of the church.

Moses engrossed the Pentateuch, containing the five first books, with his own hand. To this was added by some holy man a postscript, stating the circumstances of his death. Copies of the pentateuch were made for the kings of Israel, for reading in the temple, and in all the synagogues. And when the book of the law had been concealed in the temple, to preserve it from the sacrilegious hands of idolatrous princes, and was found again in the reign of king Josiah, it afforded unspeakable joy to all good men. The like care of providence in the preservation of the sacred volume has appeared in all the dispersions of the Jews; for though the law and all the sacred books in the temple were burned by the Chaldeans, yet Tobit had a copy in Nineveh, and in his peregrinations among the Medes; for he reminds the Jews of the words of Amos, who says, “Your feasts shall be turned into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; for I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the Lord—and they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the Lord, and shall not find it.” Amos 8:10-12. The Samaritan Pentateuch holds a rank of coëqual authority with the copy preserved by the Jews. The variations are few; and in some places the LXX have followed the Samaritan in preference to the Hebrew. The characters of the Samaritan Pentateuch are very splendid, and are said to be those used by the hand of God in writing the awful sentence against the Babylonian empire over against king Belshazzar, as in the fifth chapter of Daniel, which accounts for the inability of the wise men to read the inscription.

The Psalms, chiefly composed by David, but some of them the production of holy men from the time of Moses till the return of the Jews from captivity, contain the finest copies of the human heart, and the happiest language of faith and piety. Many of them are martial odes, praying for victory, while others excite the church to forget her troubles, in the sublimest effusions of sacred song.

The holy Prophets composed their own books, in a style of loose, easy, flowing poësy; but many parts are purely prosaic. Assuredly, when we consider the holiness of their lives, the grandeur and dignity of their ministry, their unwearied labours to save their country, and their divine wisdom and learning, they were the most illustrious order of men that ever adorned human nature. They were stoned and martyred by the idolaters; but when providence had accomplished their predictions, posterity built them monuments of marble.

It could not however be expected, that treasures so great as those in the Hebrew scriptures, respecting the creation of the world, the order of patriarchal society, the deluge of Noah, and the glorious beams of divine revelation, should remain concealed in the Hebrew tongue. They were designed to illuminate the darkness of a benighted world, and to shew us the path of life.

The Greek version of the LXX has at all times ranked in authority next to the Hebrew text, being a version authorised by the great Sanhedrim in Jerusalem. Of this version, Eusebius in his Preparation of the Gospel, a work now before me, (ed. à Paris, 1528) gives the following abridged account in a letter from Areteas to his brother Philocrates. He there reports, that Demetrius Phalereus, librarian to Ptolemy Philadelphus, being charged to enrich the king’s library at Alexandria with every book in the world, had apprised the king that the Hebrew laws merited a place in his collection; to which Ptolemy replied, that he should hold him alone responsible to see it executed. Demetrius said he must first translate them, those laws being written in a character and in a language unknown to the Egyptians. On hearing this, the king wrote to the high priest, accompanied with a suite of valuable presents, and presents connected with the liberation of all the Hebrew slaves then in Egypt, for whose emancipation the king paid ten drachms each.

The question, whether the LXX translated only the law, as stated in the letter of Areteas, or whether they translated the whole of the Old Testament, remains in doubt. The general opinion is, that they did not translate the whole. Be that as it might, 170 years before the birth of Christ, the whole Greek version was read in the synagogues of the Hellenistic Jews, and under the name of the Seventy.

The sacred books which rank among the Jews next to the holy scriptures are the Targums, or Chaldaic paraphrases. When the people returned from Babylon, having been widely dispersed in the provinces of that empire, they had very much forgotten their own language; and even before their captivity, the language of the law of Moses was become less colloquial. When the law therefore was read, an interpreter stood by the reader, and gave the sense in the vulgar tongue.

The most approved of these oral interpretations or paraphrases were gradually noted down, and collections of them were made from time to time. Much diversity of opinion prevails as to the dates which ought to be assigned to the several Targums. Of the ten paraphrases now extant on different parts of the Old Testament, eight of them at the least have been compiled since the christian era. The date of the Compilation, however, does not necessarily affect the antiquity of the Readings or Exposition; all the Targums containing many glosses and interpretations of high antiquity, and which had long been in use in the Synagogues.

The Targum of ONKELOS, on the pentateuch, is the most ancient, classical and pure. It renders the Hebrew text word for word; and in style closely resembles that of Daniel and Ezra, in the Aramæan dialect. On these accounts Onkelos is supposed by some to have flourished near the time of the Babylonish Captivity; by others he is asserted to have been a proselyte to the Jewish Religion, about 50 years before Christ.

The next we shall notice is the Targum of JONATHAN ben UZZIEL on the prophets; that is (according to the Jewish classification of the sacred writings) on Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, called the former prophets, and on Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the 12 minor prophets, styled the later prophets. He is thought to have been a distinguished rabbi in the school of Hillel, and to have flourished a little before our Saviour’s time. But on these subjects, learned men load us with volumes of opinions and conjectures, which oftener embarrass than relieve research. His style, though not so pure as that of Onkelos, is free from the numerous foreign and barbarous words which disfigure the later Targums. He writes as a man of sense, and repudiates legendary tales. The Targum on the Pentateuch, falsely ascribed to Jonathan ben Uzziel, and usually called the PSEUDO-JONATHAN, abounds with idle Jewish legends. Although many of the interpretations have doubtless some claim to antiquity, the style is very impure, and it bears evident marks of having been compiled not earlier than the 7th century.

The Targum of JERUSALEM derives its name from the vulgar tongue in which it was composed. It is a paraphrase on select portions of the pentateuch, in very corrupt Chaldee, containing numerous Greek, Latin, and Persian words. It is thought to be a compilation by several authors, in the 7th or 8th century, and follows the Pseudo-Jonathan in fabulous and legendary tales.

The other Jewish Targums are not entitled to notice here, for want of antiquity. But the Targums written before the christian era are to the unbelieving Jews, like the letters of Bellerophon, letters of their own condemnation; for all those paraphrases speak of the Messiah, and of his kingdom, in the true sense and spirit of the prophets.

Aquila, of Synopè in Pontus, of Hebrew descent, about the year of grace 128, after the labour of twelve years, translated the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. His version is very literal, and often relieves the readings of the LXX, from Hebrew manuscripts, to which he had access. It was allowed to be read in the synagogues; but much of it is now lost.

Symmachus, a Samaritan, ran the career of religious opinions, being successively a Jew, a Christian, an Ebionite. He made a Greek version of the old Testament, less servile than that of Aquila.

Theodotion, a native of Ephesus, and contemporary with Symmachus, made a Greek version with great exactness and purity. His work has been called a version of the LXX. Origen in his Hexapla, or Polyglot Bible, containing six perfect copies, made use of Theodotion to correct the Septuagint. Theodotion’s version was allowed to be read in the churches, the language being more modern than that of the LXX, and also of Symmachus. From a copy in my possession, I find the English version, as indeed most others, is verbatim from Theodotion. It is a matter of regret that so little of it now remains.

With a view to correct and guard against numerous errors, arising partly from the negligence of transcribers and partly from marginal readings and glosses being suffered to creep into the sacred text, the indefatigable Origen compiled his Hexapla, so called from the six principal versions therein collated. After completing this great work, however, and before its publication, he put forth his Tetrapla, or four copies in parallel columns, containing the Hebrew text, the version of Aquila, of Symmachus, and of Theodotion. Those works demonstrate the divine repute which the sacred volume has sustained in every age. The following is the order of his columns.

THE HEXAPLA.

Colossians 1. Hebrew text written in Hebrew characters.

Colossians 7. The fifth version found at Jericho.

Colossians 9. A few books of the seventh version.

Colossians 6. The Version of Theodotion.

Colossians 2. Hebrew text written in Greek characters.

Colossians 3. The Version of Aquila.

Colossians 4. The Version of Symmachus.

Colossians 5. The Version of the Seventy.

Colossians 8. Some books of the sixth version found at Nicople. THE TETRAPLA

Colossians 4. The Version of Theodotion.

Colossians 1. The Version of Aquila.

Colossians 3. The Version of the Seventy.

Colossians 2. The Version of Symmachus.

The Hexapla, so far as it has escaped the ravages of time, has been printed by Count Montfaucon. It is a work of inconceivable labour, and of incomparable merit. It became the standard work from which all christians took their copies, and made their translations.

But from the first age of christianity, the scriptures were translated into the Syriac, the Egyptian, the Persic, the Armenian, and the Latin languages. It was Papal Rome alone that denied the Bible in the vulgar tongue. The Copts of Egypt had the scriptures in their tongue, which is said to be a compound of the Greek and the old Egyptian languages.

Of the numerous Latin versions Jerome says, every one translated according to his pleasure, adding or subtracting as he pleased. When he entered on the great work of the Vulgate, or authorised latin version, his first care was to correct the errors of former copies, which had slipped in, either by ignorance or by negligence. In the Hebrew language he had been instructed by learned Jews, and he made the Hexapla of Origen the basis of his work. The variations of many readings in the versions, prompted him to give the latin church a well-collated version in purity of style. His extensive learning, his unwearied application, his superior judgment, and the advantages he enjoyed, then a resident at Rome, of consulting learned jews and christians, gave his translation a character which ultimately commanded universal approbation. Yet in his preface he complains of the enemies which rose up against him. Some were jealous of his reputation, some accused him of corrupting the sacred text, others said he had preferred the acceptations of the jews in certain texts to those of the apostles. Under these circumstances, it was some time before prepossessions yielded to merit, and allowed the Vulgate to be generally read in the churches.

Since the invention of printing, the Bible has found its way into all christian languages; and now the British and Foreign Bible Society, the most illustrious of all christian societies, has almost completed its grand scheme of causing the sunbeams of divine revelation to shine in all the dialects of the heathen world. The Bible restores to those poor benighted isles and nations, and the wanderers on earth, the religion of their patriarchal fathers made perfect in Christ. it supersedes moral evil by a divine code of injunctions, to love their neighbour, to abstain from revenge, and to overcome evil with good. It uplifts the veil of futurity, and chases afar the gloom of death by demonstrations of life and immortality. It reveals a God in all his moral grandeur, a Mediator in all his glory, and shews the human kind their pristine excellence, their present misery, and the way to regain more than they have lost. In a word, the Bible presents us with a religion every way worthy of God to reveal, and of man to embrace. Reader, says Jerome, love the holy scriptures, and wisdom will love thee. After the infinite cares of Origen in the east, of Jerome at Rome, and Montanus in Spain, to give us correct and purified copies of the holy scriptures, all objections about the various readings of the sacred text can have but small weight. They are very much superseded by those great and standard editions to which the church can with confidence appeal. It is a fact, if all the various readings of either verbs or nouns were expunged from the sacred volume, the suppression would not affect a single doctrine of revelation.

The Author begs to close this address by stating, that the present work is the result of his study and labour for about forty years. Favoured with health, and a biblical library, he has spent his mornings in reading the original scriptures, with versions and comments. His favourite authors have been Jerome, Chrysostom, and Theophylact of Bulgaria. Of the reformers and catholics, he has studied Munster, Valla, Lyranus, Vatablus, Drusius, Castellio, Clarius, Calvin, Beza, Scaliger, Casaubon, Cameron, Cappelus, Grotius, Gagæus, Estius, Sa, Menochius, Tirinus, Heinsius, Gorannus, Lightfoot, Marlorat, &c. &c. &c.—From these, the first and best of authors, he professes to have culled honey, like the bee, leaving the particular flowers less distinguished; but all their names appear as authorities of criticism.

To English commentators his references are few, lest he should be a plagiarist from others, which real industry has no need to be. He conceives it to be the duty of a commentator, treading a beaten path, to give ancient truths the drapery of living language, like the renovated verdure of the year.

Regarding revelation as the healing remedy for the evils under which we groan, his first aim has been to aid the devout christian in the duties of the closet, and to assist his progress in divine attainments. But as the labouring class of men are now supplied with bibles without either note or comment, the biblical reader is exposed to painful darkness with regard to ancient geography, manners and customs of the east, primitive names, and historic events. Not having a local knowledge of Judea, of its adjacent deserts and climate, he loses much of the fine apostrophes of the prophets, and the sublime and beautiful in their descriptions. A commentary to such a man is like the star of Bethlehem, which guides him to the Saviour, and enriches his mind with the collective wisdom of past ages. It is a treasure of covenant grace, which he gives in charge to his children.

Another devout aim of the author has been to assist the candidate for the sanctuary to the utmost of his power; for the conscious mind, called to save souls, and defend the truth, is worthy of all the aid that science can afford.

A copious index is added, which may serve as a biblical dictionary, and supply places where comments were not thought essential. JOS. SUTCLIFFE.

BRIGHTON,

January 1st, 1834.

Introduction to the Holy Prophets.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE HOLY

PROPHETS.

THE spirit of prophecy is coëval with the promises of our redemption. The human mind is drawn of God to dwell on the cheering objects of its future hope.

A prophet is a man specially called of God, and divinely inspired to foretel future things, and to disclose others on certain occasions which are known only to the omniscient Being. But the main part of his work is to pray and preach; to reprove sin, to cherish piety, and edify the people. The holy patriarchs were all prophets, and the sons of Noah carried the profession to every part of the earth. But while the true prophet is regarded as the best of men, the prophet in name only is despised as the lowest pest of society.

The Jewish rabbins estimate, that in a succession of years God inspired and sent to their country forty eight prophets, and seven or more, as some contend, prophetesses. Those illustrious men were known in ancient times by a name very appropriate to their profession, as is noticed by the prophet Samuel: “Aforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God, he spake thus: Come, let us go to הראה ha-roeh, the seer; for he who is now called נביא nabi, a prophet, was then called a seer.” 1 Samuel 9:9. Balaam’s words coincide with this distinction. “Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: he hath said, who heard the words of God, who saw the vision of the Almighty.” Numbers 24:3, 4. The “seer” was therefore a man who saw what no one else was allowed to see, and who knew the secrets which were revealed to no other.

The latter name, “prophet,” is said by some to be derived from noub, equivalent to produce, to germinate; and among the Arabs, to be great and elevated, a man who communicates to others the mind and will of God. The revelations communicated to those holy men, regard the present, the past, and the future; whatsoever the Word of the Lord was pleased to reveal to his servants. The finding of Saul’s asses, and our Lord’s annunciation of the death of Lazarus, were discoveries made by the spirit of prophecy.

But the idea of a prophet designates also an orator, a man of rare and incomparable eloquence; a man of courage to declare the boldest truths to sinners, and to announce the most unwelcome tidings of divine displeasure against a guilty nation; a man of purity, whom neither the wealth of princes could bribe from duty, nor their frowns deter from maintaining the rights of God. Such was the voice of Elijah to Ahab in Naboth’s vineyard, and of Samuel to Saul.

It is asserted by St. Paul, that God spake in times past to the fathers in πολυμερως diverse manners.

(1) By the Word of the Lord, the glorious Person of Christ, as noted a hundred times in the Chaldaic paraphrases, or targums of the Jews. And who can this Word be but the God of glory that appeared to the holy patriarchs?

(2) God spake by vision, while the prophet was awake.

(3) He spake by dreams in the night.

(4) By the Baith koll, or daughter of voice.

(5) By inward inspiration, in which the prophet was favoured with a divine abstraction of mind, to see as with the eyes of God, and to speak as the organ of the Holy Ghost.

(6) The Lord on some occasions was pleased to speak to man by the ministry of his holy angels, who are our “watchers” and guardians in the Lord.

But the standing mode, the grand medium of God’s speaking to the Hebrews, was by the oracle in the holy place of the tabernacle. This honour and glory of the divine presence was claimed by all nations. The temples in the dark recesses of India have been laid open to us by our learned countrymen, and by the patient investigation of missionaries. Here we find the race of Shem erecting temples, establishing oracles, and consulting their gods; for alas, they have no temple erected to HIM that made the heavens and the earth.

In Japhet’s noble race of princely-looking sons, we find the druids doing in Europe what the brahmins had done in Asia. They preferred rocks and hills for temples, they erected cromlechs on three pillars, or altars for atoning sacrifices, and where human victims often completed the bloody ritual. They invoked the name of their Asas, a name analogous to the Allah of the east, or Elohim of the Hebrews. Here also their gods were consulted in times of trouble, and on all military expeditions.

The Chaldeans filled Babylon and Nineveh with their gods, of which Bel and Nebo were most in favour; gods despised and defied by the Hebrews, and laughed to scorn by their prophets. Isaiah 46:1-7. The Egyptians were the first to build temples to their gods, and were inferior to no nation in rituals and superstitions.

The Greeks followed the example of the Egyptians, in the erection of temples, and if possible more splendid in architecture. Their temples, in early times, had been honoured with sibyls, which the later pythonesses could never equal in celebrity. Having spoken of those women, Isaiah 11:6, I would here translate the words of D’ Ivignè, in his Classical Dictionary. Ed. 3. Paris, 1646.

“The sibyls were certain female prophets, filled with the divinity, and living in perpetual virginity. Their name is derived from two words, sios, Jupiter, and boulè, equivalent to counsel, being estimated as councillors of the gods, who made them the nuncios of future things both certain and true, especially with regard to the creation of the world, the final judgment, the advent, the death and ascension of the Saviour, with other mysteries of our faith. Of the decay and fall of monarchies and empires, they have spoken so luminously that their verses seem to be histories of the past, rather than predictions of the future.

“The learned M. Varro gives their number as ten.

(1) The Cumean, or Italian sibyl, who flourished in the time of Abraham, and wore a crown of gold.

(2) The Cumane.

(3) The Persian.

(4) The Lybian.

(5) The Samian.

(6) The Delphian.

(7) The Phrygian.

(8) The Tiburtinian.

(9) The Hellespontian.

(10) The Etythreénian sibyl, of whose verses selections may be seen in St. Clement’s Stromates, book 6.

Lactantius’s Institutes, book 1., which St. Jerome quotes against Jovinian. Augustine’s City of God, book 18. chap. 13.”—The late bishop Horsley has also collected a short account of the sibyls. See on Isaiah 11. 41:23. Seeing that Varro, Plutarch, and many illustrious gentiles, together with a succession of christian doctors, have spoken of the sibylline verses with so much respect; and seeing the predictions so closely coincide with those of the Hebrew prophets that many have said they were borrowed; we should not lightly despise truth, though the channel in which it flows may seem unhallowed.

It is true, the Arian writers exclaim against their books as forgeries; but assertions and opinions are not proofs. The capitol of Rome was burned a hundred years before Christ, and all the books consumed. To repair the loss, learned men were sent by the senate to Sicily and Greece, who collected a thousand lines of the sibylline verses. By consequence, a forgery would be difficult. But admitting for a moment, that any misguided christian foisted any spurious lines, the extent of his fraud must have been small, and could only be injurious to the cause he wished to defend. Returning now to the Hebrew oracle, we have a more sure word of prophecy. The Lord said to Moses, and in promises oft repeated, “In all places where I record my name, I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee—And I will appear unto thee in a cloud on the mercyseat; there will I meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercyseat, from between the two cherubim which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in command concerning the children of Israel.” Exodus 20:24. 25:22. Leviticus 16:2. Of the manner of consulting the oracle, we know little. It was done by the high-priest alone, clothed with the ephod, and his holy garments. It is said of Joshua, and of all future princes, “He shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask for him after the judgment of the Urim before the Lord. At his word shall they (the army) go out, and at his word shall they come in; he and all the children of Israel with him, even all the congregation.” Numbers 27:21.

Now as Moses and the elders saw the God of Israel, and under his feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in its clearness; so the glory continued to shine on the precious stones in the pectoral or breastplate of the highpriest, conferring the high marks of approbation, that God was present with his people, and accepted their devotion.

Another part of the oracle was, in time of need, in cases of distress, or of high events, to ask with reverence, and receive an answer from the mercyseat, as in the defeat before Ai, when the accursed thing was in the camp. The priest asked by name what tribe—what family—what individual had done the deed; and distinct answers were given. So Achan was taken by name. It was the same when Saul was made king; and when David went up to Hebron and received the crown. Oh happy Israel! What nation had God so nigh unto them? Who was like unto them, a people saved of the Lord.

From the high and glorious oracle of Israel, we cast our regards on the succession of Λογια ζωντα living oracles, whom God divinely inspired for the instruction and salvation of his people. They had no hand in their call and elevation; he drew them from the treasures of his providence, and endowed them with talents and eloquence equal to their work. Their labour, their conflicts, their perseverance proved that the Lord knew whom he had called. Of their courage and zeal, of the reprieves and grace they obtained for their country, the eulogies of posterity fail to do justice to their memory.

The manner in which the prophets were inspired is sufficiently and explicitly described in the old testament, and in the targums or paraphrases of the Jews. In twenty places of the book of Chronicles it is said, that the Word of the Lord spake to such a prophet; and that the Word of the Lord reproved such a prince by such a prophet, just as the Word of the Lord came and talked and reasoned with Jonah. It was the same Word or Angel of the Lord, that spake to Gideon in the vineyard when hiding his corn, in the time of invasion and of war.

When those holy men prophesied before the people they were usually very animated; brilliant in figures, and bold in expression. In secret converse with God, they enjoyed an abstraction of mind far surpassing what we can conceive; and their tongues were touched with the fire of the altar. They saw light in the light of the Lord. They worshipped as with the Messiah in open view, and spake in the full assurance of hope; notwithstanding some nuances which remained on futurity; for “they searched diligently what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ (or Word as above) which was in them did signify, when he testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow.” They handled the law with clean hands, reproved vice with a majesty purely divine, and left the radiance of an immortal hope in Christ shining bright on all their auditories. The prophets in their political missions, the most critical part of their work, were cautious to deliver the word of the Lord, as the word of the Lord, untainted by public or private opinion. When Micaiah told Ahab that he saw all Israel as sheep scattered on the mountains, the king said, that on his return in peace he would put him to death; and the prophet rejoined, “If thou return at all in peace, the Lord hath not spoken by me.” 1 Kings 22. Sometimes, where the case required strong credibility, the prophet gave a sign, more fully to denote the certainty of the event; as when the rod of Moses became a serpent, and when the man of God rent the altar of Bethel in presence of Jeroboam. 1 Kings 13.

Symbolical signs were frequent with the prophets, and striking marks of the forbearance of heaven with the incredulous, as when Ahijah rent the new garment of Jeroboam into twelve pieces, and gave him ten, as a pledge that he should be king over the ten tribes. 1 Kings 11:30, 31. Jeremiah, to prefigure the siege of Jerusalem, carried a drawing of the city and siege through the streets; and at another time wore a yoke on his neck. Chap. 27.

28. Once we find a prophet baking cakes with dried dung, another eating his meat by weight and measure, a third walking about in a state of nudity, a fourth marrying a woman of ill fame. These singular and striking signs were intended more fully to impress a brutish people with the horrors of their impending captivity.

But the grandeur and glory of the Hebrew prophets did not appear till death had laid their heads in the dust, or martyrdom had hastened them to the tomb. They rarely lived to enjoy posthumous fame. What they said of Egypt, that she should be the basest of kingdoms;—that fishermen should spread their nets on Tyre;—that the grand squares and palaces of Nineveh should be pastures for flocks;—that Babylon should sink in her own morass;—that Zion should be plowed like a field;—and Jerusalem trodden down of the gentiles, were events which none but the eyes of God could see; and which crowned their character with laurels which never fade away. Their words, like the rock of ages, form a refuge for the church sure and strong, against all the sneers of an infidel world.

Above all, when they speak of forty circumstances of the sufferings of Christ, and enlarge on all the glory that should follow, the word of life flows from them as a fountain, to water and refresh the garden of the Lord. They illuminate the mind with truth, they warm the heart with charity, and raise the church to contemplate all the glorious objects of their future hope. Their words are brief, but brilliant; their metaphors bold, but just; their similes diversified, but luminous; and all the powers of language are sported in poetic numbers to pourtray the glories of Christ, and the exuberant blessings of his kingdom, which exceed all that the eye hath seen, or the ear hath heard.—What hope remains for modern poets to excel in sacred verse!

But despised as those prophets were by the world, it should not escape remark, that they were often consulted by princes, and consulted in times of the greatest danger, when like ordinary men they had neither vision nor revelation of the passing events. So circumstanced they owned their weakness, and gave the glory to the Lord. When Elisha was consulted on the rebellion of Moab, he called for a minstrel, and by psalmody raised his soul to heaven till the hand of the Lord came upon him, and then he foretold the gift of water to the army, and victory over their foes. 2 Kings 3.— It was the same when the Shunamite, on the death of her son, ran to Elisha, who said, Her soul is vexed, and the Lord hath hid it from me. 2 Kings 4:27. He accompanied her home, and in the act of powerful prayer the Lord restored her son to life. Thus the greatest of men needed the use of means, as much as the humblest saint.

On a retrospective view of those prophets, and on the character of their predictions which have received the seals of providence, the credence of their country, and the confidence of the church, we must own that on special occasions, mortal men were allowed to glance on the secrets of the divine prescience under the uplifted curtains which veil the future. How else could they expand their views, wide as all surrounding nations, and penetrate through a chain of causes and consequences, and declare a cloud of events, all of which were contingencies to the piercing eye of speculation. Most assuredly, none but He who understandeth our thoughts afar off, and who has the hearts of kings at his command, could have inspired the holy seers. In the overflowing of his mercy he filled them with celestial knowledge for the support of a suffering church, and for demonstration that Zion is the habitation of his glory, and the place where he delights to dwell.

But in the exuberance of thought, we must not lose our way, in drawing conclusions unworthy of a paternal and gracious God. We must not say that his foreknowledge and determinate counsel are so combined as to involve the doctrine of an absolute fate. This would be to “limit the Holy One of Israel;” this would be to fly into the arms of the stoics, who said that Jupiter himself was bound by the laws of fate. St. Paul has taught us a better way, to exclaim with a plenitude of reverence, Oh the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God; how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! Romans 11:33. God is still a God, and still a Father; the lawgiver has the law in his own power; he can add to the days of Hezekiah fifteen years; he can postpone the punishment of contrite Ahab to the reign of his son; he can shorten the days of tribulation for his elect’s sake. Yea, he can remove the mitre from Eli’s house, and drive the incorrigible sons of David from their father’s throne; nor must any promise on the contrary side be cited here in defence of crime. See Chrysostom on this subject as quoted in the notes on Jeremiah 36:3.

Here however it may be asked, I do not say wisely, If the Spirit of prophecy was so consolatory to the ancient church, why is it not extended to the present ages? We may reply that, in former ages, the gift was special, and not common. It was given with miracles, when religion was lost in Egypt. It was revived when the Hebrew prophets had to engage in contests with idolatry, and to suffer martyrdom for the truth. It was revived in the church when the ambassadors of Christ had to fight with the great red dragon, in planting christianity in the Roman empire. But now, God having spoken to us by his Son from heaven; the apostles having seen his glory and heard the voice on the mount; and St. Paul having given us epistles as it were from the third heaven, we do not need further light. Why should the course of nature be disturbed by miracles, when the gospel is its own evidence? We are all now called to be prophets, to pray and sing with the Spirit, and with the understanding. The pastor taught of God, as Erasmus says, has a fountain of eloquence in his own breast. Let it not however be understood, that heaven has in any degree diminished its special cares of the church, or is less attentive when we cry in the day of trouble. Saurin, a popular French preacher at the Hague, has noticed in a sermon, as others had done before, that while the Dutch were struggling to shake off the Spanish yoke, when the enemy’s ships were coming up to bombard Rotterdam, the people being at prayer in the church, the tide ebbed at half flood!!

I have in my possession a letter from Mrs. Malone, of Cork, wife of captain Malone of the ninth dragoons, 1797, stating that after the French grand fleet, with two and twenty thousand troops on board, had entered Bantry Bay, and while the protestants were crying to heaven, there rose a strong north wind which drove them out to sea. Thus the Lord heard prayer, and prevented rivers of blood from being shed in Ireland. Thus also the Redeemer is ever present with the christian as with the ancient church. JOS. SUTCLIFFE.

BRIGHTON,

August 21, 1834.

The Chronicle of Eusebius arranges the chronological order of the four major, and the twelve minor prophets, as under.

HOSEA

JOEL

JONAH

AMOS

ISAIAH

MICAH

NAHUM

ZEPHANIAH

HABAKKUK

JEREMIAH

EZEKIEL

DANIEL

OBADIAH

HAGGAI

ZECHARIAH

MALACHI.

Introduction.

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Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Luke 15:4-34” here (SUT_VOL4.PDF, physical PDF page 8). The surrounding discussion of the parable of the lost sheep corresponds to Luke 15:4–7 in the King James Version. The origin of the printed numbering is not established here; the historical wording is retained. SUT_VOL4.PDF, PDF page 8.

INTRODUCTION.

LEAVING the Old Testament, and now entering on the New, the reader should still be like Janus, whom the ancients depicted with a double face, looking over each shoulder. The patriarch Noah, thus represented in pagan mythology, looked back to the old, and forward to the new world. See on Isaiah 41:1. The believer should still keep his eye on the law and the prophets, which prepare the way, while he contemplates the brighter glories of the Christian scriptures which are to follow. Like Timothy, he should be acquainted with them from his early years; and read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest the word of truth; he should become mighty in the scriptures, for in them the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith, in all the series of gradual revelation. Other knowledge shall vanish away, but the scriptures abide for ever, the fountain of life ever flowing from Christ the rock.

The Christian Revelation, taken collectively, is called Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ, the New Covenant, or more literally, the New Testament, for the Gospel partakes of the nature both of a Covenant and a Testament. Both those titles have attracted particular attention. The law, in running language, is called the ark of the covenant, and the ark of the testimony. But because our Saviour said, This is my blood of the new testament, Matthew 26:28; and because St. Paul calls him the Mediator of the new testament, Hebrews 9:15, and the Vulgate having translated both those passages literally novi testamenti, of the new testament, the latter title has been preferred. It must be confessed however, that διαθηκη is generally translated covenant, in the new testament, and that sense should never be overlooked. The title itself designates the certainty of our salvation. The name of the four gospels in greek is Euangelion euangelion, good news, or glad tidings. In the Anglo-Saxon, the title is Godspel or Gospel, compounded of God, good, and spel, a charm, a history. The venerable Ælfric, archbishop of Sherborne, says in the preface to his English Grammar, I ÆLFRIC WOLDE THA LISTAN BOC AWENDAN TO ENLISCUM GE-REORDE OF THAM STAEF CRAEFT THE IS GE-HATEN GRAMMATICA SYDDAN IC TWA BEC AWENDE ON HUND EAHTATIGUM SPELLUM. That is, “I Ælfric was desirous to translate this little book into English, after having completed the translation of two books of eighty [spells] sermons.”

According to St. Paul, this good news respects the former promises: “The gospel of God, which he had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures, concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was made of the seed of David according to the flesh, but was declared the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead.” Romans 1:1-4. Other definitions of the gospel run in the same form of words. Matthew 4:23. Jesus went preaching the gospel of the kingdom. Mark 1:1. The gospel of Jesus Christ the Son of God. The kingdom of heaven is at hand. Titus 2:11. The grace of God that bringeth salvation to all men hath appeared. 1 Timothy 1:11. The glorious gospel of the blessed God.

The gospel then is a declaration of all that Jesus began both to do and to teach. He hath declared his righteousness, and made known to man the mystery of his Father’s will. Its whole character is “glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, goodwill towards men.”

When illustrious characters fall, many record their actions, recite their sayings, and draw their character. The public eagerly enquire for those productions. This was eminently the case with regard to the Saviour. St. Luke on his conversion found that many had written well-arranged histories, if we may follow the reading of Beza, of all the actions and discourses of Jesus; authenticated histories written by holy men who were eye-witnesses, and ministers of the word; men who had perfect understanding of all things from the very first. Among those gospels we find that of Peter, for Mark’s gospel was sometimes circulated under the name of Peter. We find also the gospel of Thomas, of Matthias, of Nicodemus, of Barnabas; but these are not cited by ecclesiastical writers of any authority. Among these spurious productions, the gospel according to the Hebrews supported a degree of celebrity to the fourth century. The sectarians or heretics had also their gospels—the Ebionites, the Cerinthians, and the Carpocratians. And it must be allowed that all those gospels, though not canonized, tended more or less to illustrate the history and the glory of Christ.

The new testament, or christian scriptures, consist of twenty seven books. These all sustained the severest scrutiny, not only of the books themselves, but of the words and phrases they contained, before they could be admitted into the sacred canon, or be acknowledged as the productions of authors divinely inspired. Of twenty of those books no doubt was ever entertained, and of the other seven the scrutiny was, whether they really were the productions of the men whose names they bore. They were not only admitted, but commentaries were written upon them by holy men, and they were hailed as the word of life and salvation. Tertullian could boast at the end of the second century, that the churches to whom St. Paul wrote still preserved his autographs, and the original copies as sacred trusts. The writers of the new testament with one consent ascribe their illumination to the Spirit of God. St. Peter asserts the superiority of the christian revelation to that of the ancient law, calling it “a more sure word of prophecy,” because their hands had handled the word of life, and because they had heard the voice from the excellent glory, saying, “This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.” 2 Peter 1:17-19. St. Paul likewise ascribes his superior light to divine revelation, when he says, “If any may think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things I write to you are the commandments of the Lord.” 1 Corinthians 14:37.

St. Clement, in his epistle to the Corinthians, repeatedly attributes the writings of the prophets, and of the new testament, to the aids of the Holy Spirit.

Polycarp tells the Philippians, that no man could attain to the wisdom by which St. Paul wrote his epistles, but by the Holy Spirit. Justin Martyr coincides with all his contemporaries, that the gospels were written by men full of the Holy Ghost.

Irenæus says that all the apostles, as well as Paul, received the gospel by divine revelation, and that by the will of God they delivered it to us, as the foundation and the pillar of faith.

Origen has many testimonies, widely scattered in his voluminous works, that there is nothing in the prophets, in the gospels, or in the epistles which did not proceed from the fulness of the Spirit.

Tertullian testifies that the scriptures are the basis of faith, that all christians prove their doctrines out of the old and new testament, and that the majesty of God suggested what Paul had written.

Love then, says Ambrose, the holy scriptures, and wisdom will love thee. Though we cannot follow our Saviour in all his journeys through the six provinces in which the jews then lived, yet we may gather much concerning the order of his miracles, and the occasions of his parables. Our Lord’s MIRACLES are chiefly the following.

1. The water changed to wine in Cana. John 2:1-11.

2. The nobleman’s son healed in Capernaum. John. 4:46.

3. The man in the synagogue liberated from an unclean spirit, with other like cases. Mark 1:23. Luke 4:33.

4. The leper healed by simple faith. Matthew 8:1. Mark 1:40. Luke 5:12.

5. The man lame for thirty eight years restored on the sabbath day. John 5:5.

6. The withered hand restored on the sabbath day. Matthew 12:13. Mark 3:5.

7. The centurion’s servant healed at a distance. Matthew 8:8. Luke 7:6.

8. The widow’s only son raised from the dead while the funeral procession were carrying him to the grave. Luke 7:14.

9. A terrific case of demoniacy healed. Matthew 9:32. Mark 3:11. Luke 11:14.

10. The legion of demons cast out. Matthew 8:28. Mark 5:7. Luke 8:28.

11. A woman healed by touching the hem of his garment. Matthew 9:22. Mark 5:34. Luke 8:43.

12. Jairus’s daughter raised from the dead. Matthew 9:18. Mark 5:41. Luke 8:41.

13. Two blind men followed him, and were healed. Matthew 9:27.

14. A dumb man possessed of a devil healed. Matthew 9:32.

15. Five thousand miraculously fed beyond Jordan. John 6:10. Matthew 14:21. Mark 6:44. Luke 9:10.

16. Jesus walks on the sea, and rebukes the tempest. Matthew 14:25. Mark 6:49. John 6:19.

17. The woman of Canaan’s daughter healed. Matthew 15:21. Mark 7:29.

18. The deaf and dumb man restored. Mark 7:35.

19. Four thousand fed near the sea of Galilee. Matthew 15:32. Mark 8:9.

20. The blind man of Bethsaida healed at twice touching him. Mark 8:22.

21. Another case of mute demoniacy. Matthew 17:18. Mark 9:25. Luke 9:39.

22. The glory of his transfiguration. Matthew 17:2-8. Mark 9:2-8. Luke 9:29-35.

23. The fish which brought him the tribute-money. Matthew 17:24.

24. The man blind from his birth healed at the pool of Siloam. John 9:7.

25. Bartimeus restored to sight on entering Jericho. Luke 18:35.

26. Two blind men healed near Jericho. Matthew 9:27-31.

27. A man cured of the dropsy on the sabbath day. Luke 14:1-4.

28. Ten lepers sent to the priest, cleansed on the road. Luke 17:12-19.

29. Lazarus raised from the tomb. John 11:40-44.

30. The barren figtree execrated as a figure of the jewish nation. Isaiah 65:15. Matthew 21:19. Mark. 11:13, 20-23. To these might be added miracles without number; for if the whole world were a book, it would not contain all that should be written concerning the gracious words and glorious works of our blessed Saviour. The PARABLES of Christ are remarkably judicious in structure, striking in figure, and pertinent in their application. Generally speaking they are luminous prophecies of his kingdom and glory. They were delivered in different places, and sometimes varied in expression. The principal of these parables are the following.

1. The parable of the sewer. Matthew 13. Mark 4. Luke 8.

2. The tares and the wheat. Matthew 13.

3. Seed which grew up after the husbandman had slept. Mark 4:27.

4. The grain of mustard seed. Matthew 13:31.

5. The leaven hid in the meal. Matthew 13:33. Luke 13:21.

6. The righteous shining like the sun. Matthew 13:43.

7. Treasure hid in the field. Matthew 13:44.

8. A merchant seeking precious pearls. Matthew 13:45.

9. A net cast into the sea. Matthew 13:47.

10. The two debtors. Luke 7:41.

11. A rich man and his harvest. Luke 12:16-21.

12. The lord’s return from the wedding. Luke 12:37.

13. The strong man keeping his house. Matthew 12:29.

14. The unmerciful servant. Matthew 18:28.

15. The lost sheep. Luke 15:4-34.

16. The woman’s lost piece of silver. Luke 15:8.

17. The prodigal son. Luke 15:11.

18. The good shepherd. John 10.

19. The good Samaritan. Luke 10:33.

20. Guests choosing the uppermost seats. Luke 14.

21. The great supper provided. Luke 14:16-24.

22. The unjust steward. Luke 16.

23. The rich man and Lazarus. Luke 16.

24. Unjust judge and the poor widow. Luke 18.

25. The pharisee and the publican in the temple. Luke 18.

26. Labourers hired for the vineyard. Matthew 20.

27. Ten pounds given to ten servants. Luke 19.

28. Vineyard occupied by wicked husbandmen. Matthew 21. Mark 12. Luke 20.

29. The marriage of the king’s son. Matthew 22.

30. The thief in the night. Matthew 24.

31. A man journeying into a far country. Mark. 13.

32. Ten virgins with their lamps. Matthew 25.

33. Various talents given in trust. Matthew 25.

With these parables most of the figurative language of Christ might be associated. Here all nature is employed to teach mankind what they should never forget.

In defence of the christian scriptures, on which we now enter, we have not to contend with jews alone, whose malice is unabated, and whose blasphemies are still uttered; but the dangerous serpent is now coiled up in the bosom of the church. He attracts our notice by his playful gambols, and by the exquisite beauty of his spotted crest—by knowledge, by science, and a pretended claim to superior intellect.

On the continent, Grotius, the father of modern Unitarianism, has shaken the faith of protestant divines; both the Dutch and Lutheran clergy have become entangled in his toils. In the Catholic communion, father Simon, supported by Houbigant, Calmet, and De Rossi, have exceeded Grotius by systematic strokes at the sacred text; and the slumbering impunity of the church has made them bold in heresies fatal to salvation. In England, how strong their fraternity is in colleges, schools, and among dignitaries and new translators of the prophets; tears only can lament their strength. Father Simon shocked the catholic church by learned effronteries, that in fact we now have no bible, no book, no text in which we can confide, every word in our biblical lexicon being capable of another sense than what is usually given. His words are—On doit supposer comme une chose constante, que la plus part des mots Hebreux sont equivokes, et que leur signification est entierement incertaine. C’est pourquoi lors qu’un traducteur employe dans sa version l’interpretation qu’il juge la meilleur, on ne peut pas dire absolument, que cette interpretation exprime au vrai ce qui est contenu dans l’original. Il y a toujours lieu de douter si le sens qu’on donne aux mots Hebreux est le veritable, puis qu’il y en a d’autres qui ont autant de probabilite. Hist. Crit. du Vicil et du Nouveau Testam. livre 3. chap. 2.

“We ought to take it for an indisputable fact, that the greater part of Hebrew words are of doubtful import, and that their signification is entirely uncertain. On this account, when a translator employs in his version the interpretation which he thinks the best, we cannot say with confidence that the interpretation designates the identity of what is in the original. There is always cause to doubt whether the sense which he may give to the Hebrew word be the true one, seeing there are other acceptations which have equal probability.” Dr. Priestley’s exceptions to the sacred text are much in the style of father Simon. And is it possible, after the Massora of the Jews, which counts the letters of each of the books of the old testament; after Origen has spent his whole life in collating the sacred text; after Jerome has done the same, with all the advantages of travel and residence in Judea; is it possible, after the best copies have been deposited in learned universities, and royal libraries; is it possible, I say, after Montfaucon has reprinted Origen’s Hexapla, that men can come forward and attack christianity, scarcely under the mask of unitarian disguise! The hot-bed in which heresy now has its rapid growth is, the various readings of manuscripts; that some word is lost, or has been added; that some letter has been changed, or word mis-written, or such a reading is on an erasure! And what are all those manuscripts to us? The writings of poor and less-instructed rabbins and clergymen, who could not afford to buy books.—I am in possession of the catalogue of manuscripts in the ancient library of Ferrara, with fac similes, printed at Rome, 1735, 4to. Though many of them are exquisitely beautiful, yet those of the new testament are evidently written in an imperfect and irregular hand. Those manuscripts are monuments of pious industry, but transcriptions wholly unauthorized. By consequence, all that modern apostasy can boast concerning the uncertainty of the sacred text is futile and vexatious. No one doctrine of revelation is affected by them; there are undisputed texts to prove every truth essential to salvation. We must therefore regard all attempts to prove the uncertainty of the scriptures, as so many understrokes and malicious designs to overthrow the whole of the christian religion.

It is lamentable beyond the power of language to deplore, that so many dignitaries of the church, so many learned professors in our seats of letters, so many new translators, who eat bread at the Redeemer’s table, should lift up their heel against him! Bishop Huet of France regards all this substitution of philosophy for revelation as an apostasy from the faith of the whole primitive world. This learned prelate has sought for the glimmerings of sacred truth, as disguised in pagan fable, and he has succeeded in bringing two grand truths to light,—that Bacchus was born twice, of Semele his mother, and of Jupiter his father. He has placed a second truth in open day, that Minerva, (another name for Messiah) was made of Jupiter’s brain, without mother, unsuckled, and the goddess of wisdom and eloquence. These glimmerings of pagan mythology, derived from traditional revelation, appear to be no other than the titles of Christ, the Word, the Wisdom of God.

All then is not lost. We have yet a new testament, which shows the Saviour reigning in heaven, and worshipped and adored on earth. He reigns on the mediatorial throne, to regenerate the hearts of men, and spread his glory in all the earth. In the new testament we see the Saviour ever dwelling with the church; we converse, we walk with the Lord, and hear the living word from the mouth of God himself. Unsearchable are the riches of grace! The lines are fallen to us in pleasant places. We live in a happy age, when the poor can read this holy book, when hymns and psalms are sung in every house, and when the altar of every cottage smokes with the oblations of prayer and praise.

On coming to the epistles, we shall find St. Paul deriving wisdom from the third heavens, and closely treading in the Redeemer’s steps. From the fulness of divine wisdom given unto him, he pours a flood of light on the gentile world, and creates a celestial language of utterance to the heart not known before. He stands before the church arrayed in all the glory of an apostle, of a confessor, of a martyr.

If we launch beyond the age in which the holy men lived who had seen the Saviour in the flesh, we find St. John outliving, and outshining them all. We find him, under the radiance of divine illumination, forming the sublime concatenation of prophecy from the beginning to the end of the world. His view of the celestial temple, the grandeur of his ideas of the staff or book, loaded with scrolls and closed with seals, and all the openings accompanied with angelic ministration and worship; and above all, the sounding of the seven trumpets till the mystery of God shall be finished, give us the sublimest of ideas concerning the conflicts between idolatry and the gospel, between the harlot and the true church that can possibly be conceived. All these are truly visions of God, which leave the imagination of man far in the rear. The issues associate with the design. Voices were heard in heaven, saying “Hallelujah, the Lord God omnipotent reigneth; the kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ.”

Respecting the inspiration of the four gospels, (and the number of gospels in the apostolic age are estimated by Eusebius at sixty) the defence of ecclesiastical writers may be comprised under the following sections.

1. The moral character of the evangelists, and their whole manner of life render them worthy of credit. They knew what they wrote: two or three of them being eye witnesses from the beginning, and ministers of the word. They were poor and simple, and without disguise. Their style is artless, simple and genuine. Men so holy, and a church so numerous, could not enforce a lie on the public mind.

2. Men who impose upon and deceive the public have generally some interest in view, or some applause either near or remote to obtain. We cannot therefore suspect those who, like Paul, speak of occasional perils, imprisonments, hunger, nakedness, and reproach, and who yet persevered, conquered and overcome, and died in the faith.

3. The things contained in their histories are facts of great notoriety, and known to the world. The jews, their enemies, weighed their words, and left no means untried to destroy their reputation. The doctrine, the miracles, and death of the Lord Jesus became known to the Roman world. How he arose from the dead, ascended into heaven, and commissioned his apostles to preach the gospel to mankind, was declared among all nations.

4. The slander of the jews who had crucified the Lord of glory, that the gospels are a fabrication, and that the new testament is the book of Aven, they reject with horror, as faithful witnesses who could but testify what they had heard and seen. We are not sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves, logisasqai ti, to reason out, to fabricate the grand scheme of human redemption, but our sufficiency is of God, who has made us able ministers of the new testament. 2 Corinthians 3:5, 6. Whence should men, unskilled in arts,

Weave such agreeing truths? — DRYDEN.

5. Had the evangelists and apostles written in concert, and with design to deceive, they would not have sent out the gospels with those slight variations of a verbal character. Proofs that they wrote in simplicity, being conscious of the truth, and without the least collation of their copies, as is the case with their editors. It is probable that many of the verbal variations were occasioned by the relation of a doctrine or a parable, as one evangelist heard it in one place, and the other evangelist as he heard it in another.

6. The testimony of Christ recorded in the gospels was believed, by countless thousands in Jerusalem and Judea, in Galilee and in Samaria, who had every opportunity to confront and rebut the testimony of the apostles and evangelists. But instead of doing so, the enemies who became converted, suffered the loss of all things for Christ’s sake, as stated in Acts 8:1-4.

7. The histories of the evangelists coincide with profane authors, and perfectly so with the histories of the jews. The slaughter of the infants at Bethlehem is attested by Macrobius: the darkness at the crucifixion is recorded by Phlegon, and quoted by Origen. The manners and worship of the primitive christians are distinctly named by Pliny. The great dearth throughout the Roman world foretold by Agabus, in the reign of Claudius, Acts 11:28, is attested by Suetonius, Dion, Josephus, and others. The expulsion of the jews from Rome by Claudius, Acts 18:2, was occasioned, says Suetonius, by the insurrection they had made about Chrestus, which is his way of spelling Christ. What marvel then that the credibility of the evangelists should receive the sanction of wise and holy men. As to the names of the Herods, and the Roman princes of Syria, they are all confirmed by Josephus, Tacitus, and Pliny.

JOS. SUTCLIFFE.

BRIGHTON,

March 10th 1835.

St. Paul’s Epistle to the Laodiceans.

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ST. PAUL’S EPISTLE TO THE

LAODICEANS.

1. PAUL an apostle, not of men, nor by men, but by Jesus Christ, to the brethren which are of Laodicea.

2. Grace be to you, and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.

3. I give thanks to Christ in all my prayers, that you persevere and remain steadfast in all good works, awaiting the promise (of his coming) in the day of judgment.

4. Let no man disturb your expectation with vain words, the semblance of truth, to draw you away from the truth of the gospel, which is preached by me.

5. And God grant that all who adhere to my example may persevere in the truth, and in all works of benignity, meet for salvation and eternal life.

6. And seeing now that my bonds, which I suffer for Christ, are become conspicuous, I glory the more and rejoice, which to me is a pledge of eternal salvation, through your prayers and the ministration of the Holy Spirit.

7. For with me to live is Christ, to die is joy.

8. And may he confer on you the same mercy, and grant you the same love, and that you may have unanimity among yourselves.

9. Therefore, beloved brethren, as you have heard and learned of the Lord, so retain, and do all things with reverence in his sight; for it is God who worketh in you to do those things, and to do them without offence.

10. And above all, dearly beloved, rejoice in the Lord Jesus Christ, and beware of all defilement from filthy lucre.

11. Let your requests be openly addressed to God. Be firm in your adherence to Christ; and whatsoever things are upright, and modest, and just, and amiable, these do; and whatever you have heard and received, retain, and they shall promote your peace.

12. I greet all the saints. Salute all the brethren with a holy kiss. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.

13. Cause this to be read to the Colossians, and that at Colosse to be read to you.

ST. PAUL’S FIRST EPISTLE TO

THE THESSALONIANS.

THESSALONICA was the ancient metropolis of Macedonia, and formerly one of the finest cities of Greece. It is now called Saloniki, situate in the gulph of Thermacai, once the capital of the Roman province. It still retains much of its ancient glory, and is little inferior to Naples in Italy. Paul and Silas, called Silvanus, à la Romain, being driven away from Philippi, first preached in this city, as stated in Acts 17:1-9. This epistle claims notice and esteem from its internal excellencies, because it makes the basis of religion to consist in devotion, without which all other excellencies are unavailing. It illuminates our faith, it confirms our hope, and fortifies us with arguments of perseverance, and assurance of victory in our warfare.

The parts of this epistle are three. First, the inscription, and the usual benedictions. Secondly, the doctrines, exhortations, and moral obligations of the gospel. Thirdly, the concluding admonitions towards the close of the last chapter, resolving religion to prayer for entire sanctification. Both Chrysostom and Theodoret name it, as the first of Paul’s epistles, which is said to be written twenty years after the ascension of our Saviour; but Usher fixes the time eight years later.

To the Reader.

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TO THE READER.

I have now in my seventy fourth year, and amidst a multitude of other avocations and duties, completed this Commentary on the Holy Scriptures. If I may confide in the numerous testimonials which the work has received in the course of publication, from learned and judicious friends, it will prove neither a superfluous offering to the christian public, nor an unwelcome guest in pious families.

Standing now on the verge of a protracted life, when the opinions of men fade away as the declining shadow on the dial, the truths of this blessed book constitute my only hope and confidence. I do more than believe these truths. I have long tested and proved them a sufficient support, under all the vicissitudes of life, and often in the more searching light of an approaching eternity. The recondite studies of the critic and the commentator are nothing in comparison of that eternal life which the scriptures reveal; and which the Holy Spirit, ever answering to the word of God, opens as a fountain of living water in the soul of the believer. In discussing these subjects I have often poured forth the fulness of my heart; and happy will the reader be, if in the perusal he shall find his heart to glow with corresponding sentiments. Then shall HE who put it into my heart thus to labour, supersede all my defects, and supply all my lack of service, by the illuminations of his own Spirit on the mind of the reader. Having now been favoured with life and health to close this work, what more can I ask or desire on earth, but to follow the blessed who have died in the Lord. I now see the ministry, in which I have laboured for fifty years, crowded with younger men, the strength and rising hope of the church; and all that my heart can suggest, of blessing, thanksgiving and prayer, is poured out for them. But in the enfeebled efforts of age, and when gleanings become scanty in the hand, the heart holds a trembling balance between the church on earth and the church in heaven.

I often pause to recollect names which appear new to me here; but I never forget the names of WESLEY, VALTON, CROSSE, and a cloud of others; some of whom were fathers to me in my early ministry, and others the companions and friends of more mature and manly labours in the vineyard of the Lord. These are still my dearest friends. I recount their names with strong emotion. Our love was too holy, too heavenly and divine, to admit of separation. Neither life nor death can dissolve the union. They have crossed the flood before me, and I faintly hear their shouts of victory and songs of triumph. But if they triumph, I shall triumph also. Of one heart and one soul, our sorrows and our joys are the same; our hope, our confidence, and our conflicts the same. We laboured often in the same field, and fought under the same standard. It cannot be but that we shall be crowned together in the day of the Lord. Reader! this is the faith that shall qualify thee also to join that general assembly and church of the firstborn, whose names are written in heaven.

I cannot conclude without acknowledging the high obligation I feel to the Rev. J. W. Morris of Bungay, for kindly undertaking to edit the work, and for his judicious attentions in the revision of the manuscript. Without his valuable assistance in superintending the press, the Commentary could not have been presented to the public in the form which it now assumes. ROCHESTER,

January 14th 1836.

Chronology of the Bible,

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CHRONOLOGY OF THE BIBLE,

ACCORDING TO CALMET, HELVICUS, AND OTHERS. (Synchronisms of the Antediluvian Patriarchs are given at the end of Genesis.) FROM THE TIME OF ABRAHAM TO THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.

Before Christ

1992 Abram born, son of Terah, Genesis 11:27 1982 Sarai born, afterwards wife of Abram 1917 Abram called out of Ur of the Chaldeans Terah dies at Haran, aged 205 years Abram called from Haran, & settles at Sechem 1916 Abram goes into Egypt, & Sarai is ensnared 1908 Lot is taken captive by the invasion of Sodom Abram delivers Lot & vanquishes the invaders Melchizedek blesses Abram on his success The Lord enters into covenant with Abram 1907 Hagar becomes a second wife to Abram 1906 Ishmael born, son of Abram and Hagar 1893 Circumcision instituted, Genesis 17:10 Abram entertains three angels unawares Sodom & Gomorrah burnt by fire from heaven 1892 Abram leaves Mamre & retires to Beersheba Isaac born, the son of Abraham and Sarah 1885 Abraham dismisses Hagar & her son Ishmael 1867 Abraham about to offer up his son Isaac 1856 Kingdom of Argo rounded by Inachus 1852 Abraham sends for a wife for Isaac 1850 Abraham marries Keturah

1842 Shem dies, the son of Noah, Genesis 11:10, 11 1833 Rebekah continues barren for nineteen years 1832 Jacob & Esau born, Isaac being 60 years old 1822 Memnon the Egyptian, the inventor of letters 1817 Abraham dies, aged 175 years, Genesis 25:7 1813 Heber dies at the age of 464 years, Genesis 11. 1800 Covenant of Abraham renewed to Isaac 1792 Deluge of Ogyges, which desolated Attica 1769 Ishmael dies, aged 137 years, Genesis 25:17 1755 Jacob marries Leah and Rachel

1754 Reuben born, son of Jacob and Leah 1753 Simeon born, son of Leah, Genesis 29. 1752 Levi born, son of Leah

1751 Judah born, son of Leah

1741 Joseph born, son of Jacob and Rachel 1735 Jacob leaves Laban and returns to Canaan 1727 Dinah, Jacob’s daughter, defiled by Shechem Benjamin born, son of Rachel, Genesis 35. 1724 Joseph sold into Egypt, aged seventeen 1714 Joseph falsely accused and sent to prison Shepherds expelled from Egypt

1713 Joseph interprets dreams in prison 1712 Isaac dies, aged 180 years, Genesis 35. 1711 Joseph made governor of Egypt

Beginning of the seven years of plenty 1710 Manasseh born, son of Joseph

1709 Ephraim born, second son of Joseph 1704 Beginning of the seven years of scarcity 1703 Joseph’s ten brethren go to Egypt to buy corn 1702 Joseph reveals himself to his brethren Jacob goes down to Egypt at the age of 130 1698 End of the seven years of famine 1695 Jacob dies in Egypt, aged 147 years 1573 New king in Egypt who knew not Joseph Job lived about this time, in Arabia 1570 Aaron born, afterwards the highpriest 1567 Moses born, the brother of Aaron 1556 Cecrops founded the kingdom of Athens 1527 Moses kills an Egyptian & flees into Midian 1503 Deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1493 Cadmus builds the citadel of Thebes 1487 The Lord appears to Moses in a burning bush Moses returns to Egypt and meets Aaron 1487 Moses & Aaron demand the liberation of Israel Pharaoh refuses to let the people go Miracles fail to convince Pharaoh

Ten plagues inflicted on Pharaoh & his people First, water changed into blood, Exodus 7. Second, frogs sent over all the land Third, a plague of gnats or lice, Exodus 8. Fourth, of all sorts of flies

Fifth, a murrain upon the cattle

Sixth, boils and sores, Exodus 9.

Seventh, hail, thunder, and fire from heaven Eighth, locusts to devour all the verdure Ninth, a darkness that might be felt Tenth, death of all the firstborn of Egypt The passover instituted the same night Israel departs from Rameses to Succoth From Succoth to Etham, Num. 13.

Pharaoh overtakes Israel at the Red sea The waters divide and Israel pass over Pharaoh and his army are drowned in the sea Moses sweetens the bitter waters of Marah Manna sent in the desert of Sin, Exodus 16. Moses smites the rock at Rephidim

The Amalekites slay the feeble among them Joshua goes forth against the Amalekites Moses meanwhile lifts up his hands in prayer In the third month they arrive at mount Sinai They encamp at mount Sinai above a year Moses ascends the mount to receive the law The people not suffered to approach Moses continues in the mount forty days Descends with the law writ on two tables Finds the people worshipping a golden calf He destroys the calf & slays 23,000 people God writes his law again on tables of stone Moses again descends the mount, Exodus xxxiv His face shines with a divine radiance Moses proposes to erect a tabernacle The people numbered, to 603,550 men Each taxed half a shekel for the tabernacle 1487 Tabernacle erected first day of the second year Levites consecrated to serve the tabernacle Jethro comes to the camp before it leaves Sinai Israel departs from Sinai & comes to Taberah From thence to Kibroth, three days’ journey Eldad and Medad prophesy in the camp Quails sent in great abundance, Exodus 16:13 Aaron and Miriam murmur against Moses Israel enters the wilderness of Paran Twelve men sent to examine the promised land After forty days they bring an evil report They perish in the desert for their unbelief Israel repelled by the Amalekites & Canaanites From Kadesh-barnea they come to the red sea Sedition of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram Israel wanders in the deserts of Arabia 37 yrs Return to Kadesh 39 yrs. after leaving Egypt King of Edom refuses a passage thro’ his land Miriam dies at Kadesh, aged 130 years Moses smites the rock to procure water He and Aaron forbidden the promised land Aaron dies at mount Hor, aged 123 years Moses raises the brazen serpent at Zalmonah 1447 Sihon refuses a passage to the Israelites Moses conquers him and the Amorites Og king of Bashan opposes, and is slain Israel encamps in the plains of Moab Balak king of Moab consults with Balaam Israel seduced to idolatry at Baal-peor War against the Midianites, Deuteronomy 4. The covenant with Israel renewed by Moses Five books of Moses written in land of Moab Moses dies at the age of 120 years

Joshua succeeds him, & sends spies to Jericho Israel pass the Jordan on 10th of the 1st month Circumcision and the passover restored The cloudy pillar and the manna cease Jericho taken, after sounding with rams’ horns Altar erected at mount Ebal by Moses’ order Gibeonites make a league with Joshua 1447 Joshua commands sun & moon to stand still 1446 War with the kings of Canaan for six years Joshua divides their country among the tribes 1441 Gives Caleb the portion the Lord promised 1440 The ark and the tabernacle fixed at Shiloh Cadmus took 16 letters to Greece, built Thebes 1439 Joshua renews the covenant of God with Israel Joshua dies at the age of a hundred and ten After him the elders governed nearly 20 years Micah set up a domestic idol and priest The twelve tribes war against Benjamin 1420 Odin introduces letters into Scandinavia 1409 Israel enslaved 8 yrs. by king of Mesopotamia 1401 Othniel delivers them, & judges them 40 yrs 1339 Israel in servitude to Eglon king of Moab 1321 Ehud delivers them, after about 20 years Third servitude of Israel, under the Philistines Shamgar effects their deliverance

1281 Fourth servitude, under the king of Hazor Deborah and Baruch deliver them

1248 Fifth servitude, under the Midianites 1241 Gideon delivers & governs them for 9 years 1232 Abimelech, son of Gideon, slain at Shechem 1228 Tola governs Israel twenty three years 1205 Jair governs Israel twenty two years 1201 Sixth servitude, under Philistia & Ammon 1184 Troy taken, after a siege of ten years 1183 Jephtha delivers the Israelites beyond Jordan 1177 Jephtha dies, and is succeeded by Ibzan 1170 Ibzan dies, Elon succeeds him

1160 Elon dies, Abdon succeeds him

1152 Eli the high priest becomes judge of Israel Forty years servitude under the Philistines 1151 Samuel the prophet born, 1 Samuel 1. 1139 The Lord begins to manifest himself to Samson 1132 Samson resists the Philistines He defend the Israelites twenty years 1113 Perishes in the ruin of the temple of Dagon 1112 Ark of the Lord taken by the Philistines Eli the highpriest falls from his seat & dies 1104 Beginning of the kingdom of Lacedæmon Philistines send back the ark with presents Samuel governs Israel nearly forty years 1091 Saul anointed king over Israel, Acts 13:21 1089 War of the Philistines against Saul Jonathan obtains a victory over them 1081 Birth of David, the son of Jesse, 1 Samuel 14. 1070 Saul at war with the Amalekites Kingdom of Athens ends with death of Codrus 1059 Samuel anoints David at Bethlehem 1058 David encounters Goliath the Philistine 1057 Saul from envy seeks to destroy David 1056 David retires into the land of Moab Saul slays Abimelech and other priests 1055 David flees into the wilderness of Ziph 1054 David spares Saul when he entered the cave 1053 Samuel dies, aged 98 years, 1 Samuel 25. David retires into the wilderness of Paran Marries Abigail the wife of Nabal

1051 Saul consults witch of Endor in his distress Defeated by the Philistines and kills himself David recovers the captives of Ziklag David proclaimed king in Hebron

1044 The Ionians emigrate & settle in Asia minor 1043 Jerusalem taken from the Jebusites 1041 David brings the ark to Jerusalem 1040 Desires to build a temple to the Lord War with the Philistines for about six years 1033 War with the Syrians and the Ammonites 1031 David’s misconduct in the matter of Uriah 1030 Nathan’s reproof brings him to repentance 1029 Solomon born, son of David and Bathsheba 1026 Absalom kills Amnon in revenge for Tamar 1019 Absalom’s rebellion, he is killed by Joab 1017 Destruction of Gibeonites avenged by famine 1013 David numbers the people & displeases God Pestilence sent as a punishment for his sin 1012 David prepares for building the temple Rehoboam born, son of Solomon

1011 Adonijah aspires to the kingdom 1011 Solomon proclaimed king by all Israel 1010 David dies, aged 70, having reigned 40 years Abiathar superseded by Zadok the highpriest Joab slain in the temple for treachery 1009 Solomon marries a daughter of king of Egypt The Lord gives him extraordinary wisdom 1008 Hiram king of Tyre helps to build the temple Solomon lays the foundation on May 2nd 1004 Tyre rebuilt, Isaiah 23. Joshua 19. 1000 Dedication of Solomon’s temple, 2 Chronicles 8. 988 Solomon visited by the queen of Sheba 974 Jeroboam rebels and flees into Egypt 971 Solomon dies, aged fifty eight years Rehoboam succeeds him, 1 Kings 11:43 He insults the people, & the ten tribes revolt KINGS OF JUDAH REIGN 388 YEARS.

Before Christ

971 Rehoboam reigns in Jerusalem seventeen years 970 The pious priests flock to him from Samaria 968 Rehoboam and the people forsake the Lord 967 Shishak king of Egypt plunders Jerusalem 954 Rehoboam dies, and is succeeded by Abijam 953 Abijam defeats Jeroboam with great loss 951 Abijam dies, and Asa succeeds him 947 Asa suppresses idolatry in Judah 945 Jehoshaphat born, son of Asa, 2 Chronicles 22. 937 Asa defeats Zerah king of Ethiopia 936 Asa engages Benhadad to invade Israel 920 Jehoram born, son of Jehoshaphat 910 Asa dies, having reigned forty one years 907 Homer and Hesiod, the Greek poets, flourish 906 Jehoshaphat abolishes the idolatry of Asa 903 Ahaziah born, grandson of Jehoshaphat 892 Jehoshaphat goes with Ahab to Ramoth Jehoshaphat narrowly escaped in battle He equips a fleet for Ophir, with Ahaziah Jehoshaphat is invaded by the Ammonites Elijah translated in a fiery chariot 885 Jehoshaphat dies, and Jehoram succeeds 884 Jehoram introduces the worship of Baal Lycurgus becomes the lawgiver of Lacedæmon 883 Jehoram smitten of God with a mortal disease 882 Jehoram dies, having reigned four years 881 Ahaziah succeeds, and reigns only one year 880 Athaliah kills all the royal family but one Jehoash is secretly preserved in the temple 874 Jehoash placed on the throne by Jehoiada 869 Carthage in Africa is built by Dido 853 Jehoash repairs the temple of the Lord 836 Zechariah, son of Jehoiada, killed by Jehoash 835 Hazael makes war upon Jehoash

Jehoash dies, and is succeeded by Amaziah 823 Amaziah wars against Idumea

822 Amaziah is defeated by Joash king of Israel Uzziah born, the son of Amaziah

814 Kingdom of Macedonia commences

806 Amaziah king of Judah dies

797 Kingdom of Lydia rounded by Lydus 779 Jotham born, son of Uzziah

754 Isaiah begins to prophesy, Isaiah 6. Uzziah dies, and his son Jotham succeeds KINGS OF ISRAEL REIGN 254 YEARS.

Before Christ

971 Jeroboam, son of Nebat, first king of Israel 970 Jeroboam sets up the golden calves 953 He loses 500,000 men in war with Abijam 950 Jeroboam dies, his son Nadab succeeds him 946 Nadab dies, and is succeeded by Baasha 936 Baasha builds Ramah, a fortified town Benhadad of Damascus invades Samaria 926 Elah succeeds his father Baasha 925 Zimri kills Elah, and takes the kingdom Omri besieges Zimri in Tirzah

921 Omri reigns alone in the 31st year of Asa 920 Omri builds Samaria, the capital of Israel 914 Omri dies, and is succeeded by Ahab 904 Elijah destroys the prophets of Baal 897 Benhadad king of Syria besieges Samaria 896 Returns to the siege and is defeated at Aphek 895 Ahab unjustly seizes Naboth’s vineyard 893 Ahab killed in battle at Ramoth-gilead 892 Ahaziah succeeds, and dies in two years 890 Jehoram succeeds, makes war upon Moab 881 Samaria besieged by Benhadad of Syria 880 Seized with a panic they fled in the night Elisha foretels the death of Benhadad Predicts that Hazael shall be king of Syria Jehoram dangerously wounded in battle Jehu rebels, and kills Jehoram

Jehu reigns 28 years over Israel

852 Jehu dies, his son Jehoahaz succeeds him 835 Jehoahaz dies, and Joash succeeds him Elisha the prophet dies about this time 832 Hazael dies, Benhadad succeeds him 822 Joash defeats Amaziah king of Judah 819 Joash dies, after a reign of 41 years Jonah, Hosea, & Amos prophesied at this time 778 Zachariah succeeds to the throne 768 Shallum kills Zachariah and takes the throne 767 Shallum is killed and succeeded by Menahem Pul, king of Assyria, invades Israel 757 Menahem dies, his son Pekaiah succeeds 755 Pekaiah is assassinated by Pekah 746 Nineveh besieged by Arbaces and Belesus 743 After a siege of three years Nineveh is taken Sardanapalus burns himself in his palace Arbaces is acknowledged king of Media KINGDOM OF JUDAH.

Before Christ

754 Isaiah and Hosea continue to prophesy 753 Rome built on the twentieth of April 748 Hezekiah born, son of Jotham

739 Kings of Israel and Syria invade Judah 738 Jotham dies, Ahaz succeeds him

Rezin and Pekah still at war with Judah Isaiah foretels to Ahaz the birth of Christ 737 The two kings return and spoil the country 736 Idumeans and Philistines invade Judah Ahaz offers a subsidy to Tiglath-pilezer 732 Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 722 Ahaz, king of Judah, dies

Hezekiah restores the temple worship 721 Tithes again collected for the priests First eclipse of the moon on record, Mar. 19th 718 Gyges succeeds to the throne of Lydia KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.

Before Christ

743 Belesus becomes king of Babylonia Belesus is called Baladan or Nabonassar Babylonian empire is founded by Belesus Ninus succeeds Sardanapalus in Nineveh Ninus is in scripture called Tiglath-pileser Assyrian empire much reduced under Ninus 736 Tiglath-pileser defeats Rezin king of Damascus Tiglath invades Israel and makes captives 735 Hoshea slays Pekah, and takes the kingdom 724 Salmanezer succeeds Tiglath in Nineveh 721 Hoshea forms alliance with the king of Egypt 720 Salmanezer besieges Samaria

717 Possesses Samaria, after three years’ siege Carries the remaining tribes into captivity Transports them beyond the Euphrates Tobit is carried away to Nineveh, Tobit 1. Kingdom of Israel continued 254 years KINGDOM OF JUDAH ALONE

Before Christ

710 Hezekiah revolts from the Assyrians 710 Leagues with Egypt against Sennacherib 709 Sennacherib takes several cities of Judah Hezekiah’s memorable sickness, Isaiah 38. Isaiah foretels and prescribes his cure The sun’s shadow reclines on the dial of Ahaz Sennacherib besieges Lachish

Sends Rabshakeh to insult Hezekiah

Thousands of his army smitten by an angel Sennacherib retires in disgrace to Nineveh He is put to death by his own sons

708 Esar-haddon succeeds Sennacherib King of Babylon congratulates Hezekiah Sends also to enquire about the miracle Micah and Nahum begin to prophesy

707 Esar-haddon goes to war with Egypt & Philistia 694 Hezekiah dies, and Manasseh succeeds him 677 Esar-haddon becomes master of Babylon He unites Assyria and Chaldea into one empire 661 Manasseh is taken and carried to Babylon 658 Byzantium built by a colony of Athenians 653 Holofernes is slain in Judea by Judith 639 Manasseh returns and dies in Jerusalem Ammon succeeds him, and reigns two years 637 Ammon dies, and is succeeded by Josiah Zephaniah prophesies during his reign 630 Josiah restores the temple worship 624 Jeremiah begins to prophesy

The Scythians invade Asia minor

623 Draco establishes his laws at Athens 620 Hilkiah finds the book of the law in the temple Josiah collects money for repairing the temple Huldah foretels the calamities of Judah 619 Josiah’s magnificent passover

606 Joel prophesies in the reign of Josiah Josiah opposes the expedition of Necho Josiah wounded in battle, and dies in Jerusalem 606 Jeremiah wrote Lamentations on his death Nineveh is taken by Cyaxares

607 Jehoahaz is set on the throne by the people Is dethroned by Necho king of Egypt Necho appoints Jehoiakim, son of Josiah 605 Habakkuk prophesies under Jehoiakim 602 Nebuchadnezzar takes Carchemish Invades Palestine and takes Jerusalem Compels Jehoiakim to pay a large tribute Daniel and his friends led into captivity 601 Jeremiah begins to write his prophecies 598 Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s dream 596 History of Susannah at Babylon, apocryphal Jehoiakim revolts against Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar ravages Judea with an army Carries away more jews to Babylon

Cyaxares expels the Scythians from Asia 595 Cyrus born, son of Cambyses

Jehoiakim revolts a second time

Is taken, killed, and cast to the fowls of the air 594 Jeconiah succeeds Jehoiakim

Nebuchadnezzar besieges him in Jerusalem He is taken and carried away to Babylon Mordecai is among the captives now taken Zedekiah, Jeconiah’s uncle, is left at Jerusalem Zedekiah reigns eleven years

He sends ambassadors to Babylon

Jeremiah writes to the captives there 591 Zedekiah sends Seraiah and Baruch to Babylon 590 Ezekiel begins to prophesy in Chaldea He foretels the retaking of Jerusalem Zedekiah meditates a revolt against Chaldea He negociates an alliance with Egypt 589 Solon and Æsop contemporary with Ezekiel 586 Nebuchadnezzar marches against Jerusalem Quits the siege to repel the king of Egypt Returns to the siege against Zedekiah Jeremiah prophesies during the siege The siege is continued nearly three years Ezekiel describes the same siege in Chaldea 584 Jerusalem taken on the ninth of June In the eleventh year of Zedekiah

Zedekiah makes his escape by night

Taken and brought before Nebuchadnezzar His eyes are put out, and he carried to Babylon Jerusalem and the temple are both destroyed More of the jews are carried into captivity Many of them transported beyond the Euphrates The poorer classes only left in the land Thus ends the kingdom of Judah.

584 Seventy years foretold by Jeremiah: 25. Gedaliah slain, governor of Jerusalem 583 Jeremiah carried into Egypt by the jews Jeremiah prophesies while in Egypt

Ezekiel in Chaldea prophesies against Judah 581 The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar wars with Ammon & Idumea Obadiah prophesies against Idumea

577 Jeremiah the prophet dies about this time 568 Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar

567 Nebuchadnezzar returns to Babylon 566 Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a great tree 565 He is changed into the appearance of an ox 557 His return to his former condition, Dan. 4. 556 He sets up a golden statue for worship Three Hebrews cast into the fiery furnace Nebuchadnezzar dies in the 43rd of his reign He was the son of Nabonassar

Evilmerodach succeeds Nebuchadnezzar 555 Belshazzar his son succeeds Evilmerodach Daniel’s vision of the four animals, chap. 7. 554 Cyrus begins to liberate the Persians Cyrus soon takes the title of king

552 Belshazzar’s impious feast and tragic death 551 Darius the Mede succeeds Belshazzar Daniel’s prophecy of the seventy weeks, chap. 9. 550 Darius himself affects to be a god 550 Forbids any prayer to be made but to himself Daniel is cast into the lion’s den

Cyrus meditates the acquisition of empire He overcomes Astyages, king of the Medes Gives Astyages the province of Hyrcania 545 Cyrus marches against Darius the Mede Makes war on Crœsus, king of Lydia

544 Attacks Babylon, and takes it

543 Permits the jewish captives to leave Babylon First year of his reign over all the east The history of Bel and the Dragon

542 The jews return to build the temple They renew the sacrifices in Jerusalem 539 The age of Pythagoras and Anacreon 525 Cyrus dies, aged seventy years

Cambyses 2. succeeds him in Babylon Cambyses forbids the building of Jerusalem Samaritans are sent with this prohibition 522 Cambyses conquers Egypt after five years Confucius flourished about this time 520 Cambyses assassinates his brother Smerdis 517 Cambyses dies, and a usurpation follows Artaxerxes forbids the building of the temple Darius, son of Hystaspes, is called Ahasuerus Ahasuerus becomes king of Persia

He marries Artossa, daughter of Cyrus 516 Haggai begins to prophesy at Jerusalem He reproves the jews for not building the temple 515 The jews soon afterwards begin to build Zechariah begins to prophesy about this time 513 Feast of Ahasuerus, Esther 1.

512 He divorces Vashti and espouses Esther 511 Second temple of Jerusalem dedicated 509 Consular government of Rome commence 505 Haman vows destruction to the jews Procures an order from Ahasuerus for it 504 Esther obtains a revocation of the decree Haman hanged instead of Mordecai

The jews punish their enemies at Shushan 490 The battle of Marathon

481 Ahasuerus dies, and is succeeded by Xerxes Themistocles accused, flees to Xerxes 469 Xerxes dies, Artaxerxes succeeds him 463 He sends Ezra and others to Jerusalem 462 Ezra effects an extensive reformation 450 Nehemiah permitted to visit Jerusalem He rebuilds the walls and the gates Induces several families to dwell in the city Renews the national covenant with Israel 445 Herodotus reads his history at Athens 437 Nehemiah returns to the Persian court 435 Comes a second time to Judea to reform abuses Zechariah and Malachi prophesy at this time 431 Peloponnesian war begins, May 7th War continued about twenty seven years 430 History of the old testament concludes 420 Nehemiah dies, governor of Judea Eliashib the highpriest is succeeded by Joiada Joiada is succeeded by Jonathan

Jonathan is slain in the temple by a brother Jaddua next becomes the highpriest

414 Egypt revolts against the Persians 404 Age of Euclid, Lysias, Cebes and others End of the Peloponnesian war

Athens conquered and ruled by thirty tyrants 401 Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa The tyrants expelled from Athens

400 Socrates put to death for his religion 396 Age of Aristippus, Evagoras, and Xenophon 390 Rome is taken by the Gauls

388 Plato and other philosophers flourished 387 Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia 377 Age of Isocrates and Diogenes

374 Artaxerxes invades Egypt with 20,000 Greeks 371 The Lacedæmonians defeated by Epamonidas 362 Governors of Asia minor revolt from Persia 360 Philip of Macedon defeats the Athenians 350 Artaxerxes Ochus conquers Egypt 340 Age of Aristotle, Xenocrates, Demosthenes 336 Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias 332 Tyre and Egypt conquered by Macedonia Alexandria built

329 Alexander the great enters Asia 328 He besieges Tyre in his way to Judea Meets the highpriest coming from Jerusalem Shows him respect, and favour to the jews The Samaritans permitted to build their temple 327 Alexander conquers Egypt

Samaritans kill the governor Andromachus Alexander gives part of Samaria to the jews 326 Codomanus dies, the last king of Persia 323 Reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt 319 Alexander dies on the 21st of April His empire is divided into four kingdoms 316 Ptolemy, son of Lagus, conquers Syria 312 Seleucus takes Babylon

310 Antigonus retakes Judea from Ptolemy 308 Ptolemy, son of Lagua, reconquers Judea 307 Democracy is established at Athens Judea becomes subject to the kings of Syria 301 Antigonus defeated and killed by Ptolemy 293 The first sundial erected at Rome Time divided into hours by P. Cursor 291 Seleucus builds forty cities in Asia Age of Euclid the mathematician

278 Gauls slaughtered near the temple of Delphi Dionysius the astronomer flourished 269 Silver first coined at Rome

273 Septuagint version made about this time 257 Theos, king of Syria, begins to reign Jaddua the highpriest dies, succeeded by Onias Onias is succeeded by Simon the Just 235 Temple of Janus shut at Rome

229 Onias 2. succeeds to the priesthood 217 Ptolemy Philopater becomes king of Egypt 215 Onias dies, Simon 2. becomes highpriest 214 Antiochus wars against Ptolemy Philopater 213 Ptolemy gains a victory in Syria Ptolemy tries to enter the temple at Jerusalem His profanity prevented by the priests 213 Punishes the jews on his return to Egypt Orders them to be trod to death by elephants Singular interposition of heaven in their favour 212 The Egyptians rebel against king Ptolemy 200 Ptolemy Philopater dies

Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds him

198 Antiochus the great conquers Judea 195 Onias 3. becomes the highpriest 194 Epiphanes retakes Judea from Antiochus 193 Antiochus is welcomed at Jerusalem 188 Ptolemy Epiphanes marries Cleopatra 185 Antiochus declares war with the Romans Is defeated, and preserves only Syria and Judea 183 Antiochus dies, Seleucus is his successor Seleucus demands the treasure in the temple An angel prevents the sacrilege

172 Seleucus is assassinated by Heliodorus Heliodorus wishes to usurp the kingdom Antiochus junior returns from Rome

The Syrians receive him as a titular deity He is distinguished by the name of Epiphanes 171 Jason buys the pontificate of Epiphanes Several jews renounce judaism and turn greeks 169 Antiochus Epiphanes is popular at Jerusalem He makes war against the king of Egypt 166 Menelaus wants to buy the pontificate Offers Antiochus more than Jason gave for it He obtains the grant from Antiochus Menelaus not advancing the money is deprived He causes Onias the highpriest to be killed Antiochus prepares for war in Egypt Prodigies seen in the air over Jerusalem Antiochus is reported to have died in Egypt He kills 80,000 jews for circulating the report Plunders the city of Jerusalem

164 Apollonius sent into Judea by Antiochus Breaks down the city walls, & oppress the people Builds a citadel near the temple

Judas Maccabeus retires into the wilderness 163 Antiochus publishes a persecuting edict 163 Compels all to adopt the religion of the greeks Temple sacrifices are interrupted

Statue of Jupiter placed upon the altar Eleazer suffers martyrdom at Antioch Seven brethren and their mother put to death Mattathias retires into the mountains Seven of his sons and others join him 162 Mattathias dies

He is succeeded by Judas Maccabeus

161 Antiochus goes to Persia for money for his army His territories invaded during his absence Judas Maccabeus repels the invader in Judea 160 Lysias is also beaten, and returns to Antioch Judas purifies the temple, entered by the gentiles Judas defeats the Syrian army

Antiochus Epiphanes dies in Persia

Is succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator Judas carries the war into Idumea

159 Conspiracy against the jews in Galilee Antiochus Eupator offers favour to the jews The Roman legates also promise their support Judas defeats a division of the Syrians Attacks and defeats Georgias in Idumea Golden plunder found among the slain Antiochus Eupator invades Judea in person He takes Bethshur, and besieges Jerusalem Wall of the city is demolished before the temple 158 Menelaus the priest succeeded by an intruder Demetrius is acknowledged king of Syria Alcimus negociates with him for the pontificate 157 Alcimus enters Jerusalem and is repulsed Judas kills 5000 men, and gains the victory Judas Maccabeus is at last slain in battle He perishes on a heap of enemies he had slain Jonathan Maccabeus is chosen in his stead He is both the governor and the highpriest Jonathan is attacked, and swims across Jordan He collects an army and defeats his enemies 155 Jonathan judges the people at Michmash Removes afterwards to Jerusalem

146 Alexander Balas becomes king of Syria Jews and Samaritans dispute about their temples Apollonius wars with Jonathan Maccabeus Apollonius is put to flight

146 Ptolemy king of Egypt invades Syria He dies in Syria, and Cleopatra is on the throne 140 Jonathan is treacherously taken by Tryphon Tryphon afterwards put him to death 139 Simon Maccabeus succeeds Jonathan Tryphon usurps the government of Syria 138 Syrian troops evacuate Jerusalem Simon is owned highpriest and chief of the jews King of Syria concedes to the jews their rights 134 He at length quarrels with and invades them 131 Simon Maccabeus is killed by treachery Two of his sons perish with him

130 Hyrcanus succeeds his father Simon Antiochus of Syria besieges Jerusalem Hyrcanus finds money in David’s tomb 127 Antiochus goes to war against the Persians He is conquered and slain in battle 126 Hyrcanus is independent of the kings of Syria Takes possession of several of their cities 125 Compels the Idumeans to be circumcised 123 Two kings of Syria at war with each other 106 Hyrcanus besieges and takes Samaria 105 Hyrcanus dies, after reigning 29 years 102 Three principal sects formed about this time The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes Judas Aristobulus succeeds Hyrcanus He seizes the diadem and reigns one year Leaves his mother & brethren to starve in prison 101 Alexander Jannæus succeeds Aristobulus He attacks Ptolemaïs, but fails

100 He raises the siege and wastes the country 99 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, takes Ptolemaïs 98 Alexander forms an alliance with Cleopatra Takes some places in Palestine

93 The jews revolt, but he subdues them He sustains six years of civil war

93 Invites the aid of the king of Syria Alexander is defeated by his own subjects 81 Antiochus Dionysius is king of Syria He invades Judea but is beaten and slain 74 Alexander Jannæus dies at the age of forty six Alexandra, his queen, succeeds him

She gains the pharisees to her party 67 Aristobulus 2. dislikes his mother’s reign 66 Takes the principal places in Judea Reigns one year till the queen’s death 65 Hyrcanus her eldest son then takes the throne Battle between Hyrcanus and Aristobulus Hyrcanus is defeated at Jericho

Is afterwards highpriest for nineteen years Survived his father Alexander 48 years 63 Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero 62 Peace concluded between the brothers Hyrcanus lives in retirement on his estate Aristobulus 2. keeps the throne for three years 61 King of Arabia tries to reinstate Hyrcanus Aristobulus takes refuge in the temple The temple besieged by Aretas king of Arabia Aristobulus implores the aid of the Romans They threaten to overwhelm Aretas

Aretas is compelled to raise the siege and flee Aristobulus pursues and overcomes him 60 Pompey advises the two brothers to live in peace 58 Cicero is banished from Rome

59 Aristobulus entrenches himself in Jerusalem Pompey besieges and takes both city & temple Aristobulus is taken prisoner

Hyrcanus is made both prince and pontiff Judea compelled to pay tribute to the Romans Alexander, son of Aristobulus, makes his escape He returns to Judea, and raises soldiers Here ends the kingdom of Syria.

Before Christ

59 The emperor Augustus born

55 Cæsar passes the Rhine and invades Britain 53 Alexander is defeated by the Roman commander He surrenders, with all his strong places 52 Aristobulus escapes from Rome to Judea 52 He tries to fortify himself in Judea Is defeated, and sent a second time to Rome 51 Alexander, son of Aristobulus, ravages Judea Defeated by the Romans at mount Tabor 50 Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey Crassus assumes the government of Syria 49 Comes to Jerusalem and robs the temple Marches against the Parthians, slain in battle 48 Cassius brings Roman army over the Euphrates Takes thirty thousand jewish captives Prevents the ravages of Alexander

Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey

47 Alexandria is taken by Cæsar

46 This is called the year of confusion Great alterations are made in the calendar 45 Julius Cæsar makes himself master of Rome Restores Aristobulus to liberty

Sends with him two legions into Syria The adherents of Pompey poison Aristobulus Scipio slays Alexander, son of Aristobulus Antipater is governor of Judea

The library of Alexandria is burnt

44 Cæsar is assassinated

43 Antipater is allied to the Roman army Assists in reducing Egypt to Cæsar

Cicero is put to death

Age of Diodorus Ciculus and Nepos

Cæsar ends the war in Egypt and enters Syria He confirms Hyrcanus in the pontificate Vitruvius the architect flourishes at this time Antipater makes Phazael governor of Jerusalem Herod is made governor of Galilee

42 Herod is called to account for his conduct 42 To avoid conviction he retires

Hillel and Sameas flourish about this time Jonathan Uziel, author of Chaldee paraphrase He was the disciple of rabbi Hillel Cæsar passes into Africa

Cato commits suicide at Utica

41 Hyrcanus renews alliance with Cæsar The alliance is very advantageous to the jews 40 Jews of Asia are confirmed in their privileges 39 Cassius demands a large tribute from Judea Antipater is killed by poison

Herod puts Malichus to death

38 Felix makes an attack on Phazael Phazael shuts him up in a tower

Spain is now subdued to king Augustus Herod and Phazael made tetrarchs of Judea 37 Antigonus 2. invades Judea with an army Herod gives him a complete defeat

Mark Antony enters Bithynia

Herod forms an alliance with Antony Antony gives liberty to the jews at Ephesus 36 The Parthians make Antigonus king of Judea Deliver Hyrcanus and Phazael into his hands Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily Phazael beats out his own brains

Antigonus cuts off the ears of Hyrcanus Then transports him beyond the Euphrates Herod flies to Rome for assistance

The senate confirms his appointment 35 Herod takes Joppa, then goes to Massada Slays some concealed bandit in Galilee Marches against Jerusalem

Season too far advanced for a siege Herod goes with troops to Samosata

Assists Antony in the siege of the place 34 Herod’s brother meanwhile attacks Antigonus Roman forces join in a descent upon Judea 33 After several battles Jerusalem is taken Antigonus surrenders himself to the Romans Is carried prisoner to Antioch

33 Antony orders him to be beheaded End of the reign of the Asmoneans.

32 Hyrcanus permitted to return to Judea Herod makes Ananel the highpriest

31 Bestows that honour also on Aristobulus Æra of the Roman emperors begins here 30 Egypt reduced to a Roman province Herod orders Aristobulus to be drowned Ananel is made highpriest a second time Herod called to account for death of Aristobulus War between Augustus and Mark Antony 27 Herod goes to war with the Arabians Title of Augustus given to Octavius A great earthquake felt in Judea

Augustus defeats Antony in battle

Herod seizes Hyrcanus and puts him to death 26 Herod appears at court before Augustus Is confirmed in the government of Judea Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves End of the kings of Alexandria.

25 Emperor Augustus visits Palestine Herod receives him with great magnificence Egyptians adopt the Julian period

Age of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Livy, Strabo 24 Herod puts to death his wife Mariamne 22 Salome, his sister, separates from her husband 21 Augustus visits Greece and Asia

Plague and famine rage in Judea

18 Herod opposes the religion of the jews 17 Visits Agrippa, Augustus’s favourite Secular games celebrated at Rome

16 Lollius defeated by the Germans

15 Herod rebuilds the temple of Jerusalem 12 Visits Rome to commend himself to Augustus 12 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius 10 Herod invites Agrippa to visit Jerusalem 9 Discord prevails in Herod’s family 8 Cæsar Augustus corrects the calendar 7 Herod impeaches two sons before Augustus Cæsarea built and dedicated to Augustus 6 Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 5 Augustus favours the jews of Alexandria Herod searches David’s sepulchre for treasure New disturbances in Herod’s family

3 Herod makes war in Arabia

Is accused of killing several Arabs 2 An angel appears to Zachariah the priest A son promised to Elizabeth his wife 1 The angel appears to the virgin Mary Incarnation of Christ announced to her Herod condemns and slays two of his sons Antipater, son of Herod, aims at the throne Herod sends Antipater to Rome

His stratagems are discovered

John the baptist born, son of Zachariah JESUS born at Bethlehem, 6 months afterwards FROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO THE

DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM BY THE

ROMANS.

1 Jesus born in Bethlehem-Judea

Circumcision on the eighth day

Antipater returns from Rome convicted Having attempted to poison Herod

Wise men come from the east to worship Jesus Jesus presented in the temple

Joy of Simeon and Anna on the occasion Flight into Egypt, with the child Jesus Massacre of the infants at Bethlehem Antipater put to death by order of Herod Herod dies five days after Antipater Herod appoints Archelaus his successor Joseph and Mary return from Egypt

They go with Jesus to dwell at Nazareth Archelaus visits Augustus at Rome

Is confirmed in the government of Judea An impostor assumes to be the son of Herod 2 Archelaus gives the pontificate to Eleazar 9 Archelaus is banished to Vienne in Gaul 10 Second enrolment by Cerenius in Syria Revolt of the chief of the Herodians 12 Jesus visits the temple in his twelfth year Continues three days unknown to his parents 13 Marcus Ambivius is governor of Judea 17 Cæsar Augustus dies in the 58th yr of his reign Tiberius succeeds, and reigns near 23 years 23 Tiberius expels all jews from Italy 31 Pilate is made governor of Judea Attempts to bring Roman eagles into Jerusalem He is strongly opposed by the jews

32 John the baptist begins to preach 33 Jesus is baptized of John in Jordan Jesus immediately retires into the desert After forty days Jesus returns to John 33 He calls four disciples to follow him Performs his first miracle at Cana in Galilee Jesus comes to Capernaum

Attends the first passover at Jerusalem Nicodemus comes to Jesus by night

Jesus retires to the banks of Jordan Herod Antipas marries Herodias

She is the wife of his brother Philip John baptist reproves the conduct of Herod Herod shuts up John in prison

Jesus withdraws into Galilee

Talks with the woman of Samaria at the well Preaches in the synagogue at Nazareth Leaves Nazareth to dwell in Capernaum While there he calls four more to follow him Several miracles wrought in Capernaum 34 Second passover at Jerusalem

Our Lord’s sermon on the mount

John in prison sends a message to Jesus 35 Apostles commissioned to preach in Judea John beheaded in prison by order of Herod This happened in the 17th year of Tiberius Our Lord feeds five thousand by miracle The third passover at Jerusalem

Christ preaches through Judea and Galilee Heals all manner of sickness and disease The transfiguration on the mount

Mission of the seventy disciples

Jesus attends the feast of pentecost Attends also the feast of tabernacles 36 Lazarus is taken ill and dies

Jesus comes from beyond Jordan to Bethany He raises Lazarus from the grave

Retires to avoid the malice of the jews Attends his last passover at Jerusalem Lord’s day, Mar. 29, he arrives at Bethany Sups there with Simon the leper

Monday, Mar. 30, enters into Jerusalem Is hailed by the multitude with joy 36 Tuesday, Mar. 31, comes again to Jerusalem Curses the barren figtree on his way Wednesday, Apr. 1, the jews hold a council They arrange means to apprehend him Thursday, Apr. 2, Jesus goes to mount Olivet Sends to the city to prepare the passover In the evening eats it with his disciples Institutes the Lord’s supper

After supper he retires to Gethsemane Judas betrays him, and the soldiers seize him He is conducted to Annas in the night Friday, Apr. 3, brought before Pilate Condemned, and crucified on Calvary Towards evening is taken down from the cross He is laid in a new sepulchre

The sepulchre is sealed and guarded He continues in the tomb all Friday night All Saturday also and Saturday night Rises from the dead on Lord’s day morning Pious women watch near the sepulchre Jesus appears first to Mary Magdalene She mistook him for the gardener

The Lord next appears to Peter

Then to two disciples going to Emmaus Then to the disciples met together at Jerusalem All this on the day of his resurrection Eight days after he again visits them Thomas is present this time and convinced The apostles return into Galilee

Jesus appears to them on several occasions They return to Jerusalem after 28 days Jesus appears to them in Jerusalem, May 14 Leads them to the mount of Olives

Ascends to heaven in their presence Feast of Pentecost is ten days afterwards The Holy Ghost descends on the apostles 37 Seven deacons chosen by the church Stephen, one of them, suffers martyrdom Conversion of Saul of Tarsus

37 Pilate informs Tiberius of the death of Christ James the less presides at Jerusalem Philip baptizes the eunuch of Candace General dispersion of the first believers 38 Agrippa leaves Judea in debt

39 Arrives at Rome and is attached to Caius 40 Displeases Tiberius and is sent to prison Pilate is ordered into Italy

Tiberius dies, and Caius Caligula succeeds Agrippa enlarged, and promoted to honour The apostle Peter visits Antioch

Disciples first called christians at Antioch 41 Paul escapes from Damascus by a basket He then comes to Jerusalem

Barnabas introduces him to the brethren Paul goes to Tarsus his native city Caligula makes Agrippa tetrarch of Judea The miserable Pilate commits suicide 42 Flaccus is banished by order of Caligula 43 Caligula wants to have his statue in the temple Agrippa diverts him from his purpose The jews at Alexandria appeal to Caligula 44 Philo, their leader, obtains an audience Tumults arise in Alexandria and Chaldea Queen Helena and her son embrace judaism Caligula assassinated by Chæreas

Claudius succeeds to the empire

He enlarges Agrippa’s dominions in Judea Agrippa makes Simon Cantharus pontiff Transfers the dignity from Simon to Matthias 46 Agrippa deposes Matthias from the priesthood Claudius makes a descent upon Britain 47 Agrippa orders St. James to be beheaded Peter is imprisoned at his command

The apostle is liberated by an angel Agrippa smitten to death by an angel Paul and Barnabas visit Antioch

The church at Antioch send them out to preach 48 A great famine prevail in Judea

Paul and Barnabas travel as missionaries 48 At Lystra they are offered divine honours 49 Mark’s gospel written about this time Tiberius Alexander is procurator of Judea 51 Cumanus succeeds Alexander in Judea 52 Troubles arise under his presidency 54 Judaizing teachers begin to corrupt the gospel Converted gentiles not bound by jewish law Peter is reproved by Paul at Antioch Separation between Paul and Barnabas Luke and Timothy itinerate with Paul 55 Paul passes out of Asia into Macedonia 56 Paul visits Athens and Corinth

Claudius expels the jews from Rome

Felix procurator of Judea

57 Paul leaves Corinth after eighteen months Visits Ephesus on his way to Jerusalem Apollo preaches Christ at Ephesus

Paul goes from Jerusalem to Antioch Passes into Galatia and Phrygia

Returns to Ephesus and stays three years Emperor Claudius poisoned by Agrippina Claudius is succeeded by Nero

Nero puts to death his mother Agrippina 58 Paul’s epistle to the Galatians

59 First epistle to the Corinthians 60 Uproar at Ephesus occasioned by Demetrius Paul compelled to leave Ephesus

Paul goes into Macedonia

Second epistle to the Corinthians

61 Paul writes his epistle to the Romans Carries contributions into Judea

Paul is seized in the temple at Jerusalem 62 Sent a prisoner to Cæsarea

Ishmael made highpriest instead of Ananias Disturbances excited in Cæsarea

63 Porcius Festus procurator of Judea Paul appeals to the emperor

Put on shipboard and sent to Rome

Paul is shipwrecked at Malta

64 Arrives at Rome, a prisoner for two years 64 Agrippa wishes to overlook the temple The jews build a wall to prevent it Ishmael the highpriest deposed

First persecution against the christians 65 Epistles to the Phillippians and Colossians Martyrdom of James the less of Jerusalem Seneca, Lucan and others put to death 66 Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews

Albinus succeeds Festus in Judea

Jewish priests divided about tithes A strange cry heard in Jerusalem

Woe to the city — Woe to the city

The cry continues till the city is besieged Age of the British queen Boadicea

Of Pliny the elder, and Josephus

67 Paul comes from Italy into Judea Writes his epistle to Timothy and Titus Agrippa gives the priesthood to Matthias Florus succeeds Albinus in Judea

Nero sets fire to the city of Rome

Falsely accuses christians of the fact Several of them are cruelly put to death 68 Peter writes his second general epistle Several prodigies appear at Jerusalem Seen especially at the time of the passover Paul is imprisoned at Rome

Writes his epistle to the Ephesians Also his second epistle to Timothy

69 Peter and Paul suffer martyrdom

Clement is pastor of the church at Rome Mark becomes a martyr at Alexandria Cestius, of Syria, comes to Jerusalem He enumerates the jews at the passover Disturbances at Cæsarea and Jerusalem Florus puts several jews to death

The jews join in a general revolt

Kill the Roman garrison at Jerusalem The jews are massacred at Cæsarea

All the jews of Scythopolis slain in one night Cestius, governor of Syria, comes to Judea 69 Besieges the temple at Jerusalem Is defeated by the jews

Christ’s followers foresee the approaching war Leave Jerusalem and flee beyond Jordan Vespasian appointed by Nero to conduct the war Josephus made governor of Galilee

Vespasian sends his son Titus to Alexandria Prepares meanwhile a numerous army

70 Vespasian enters Judea, subdues Galilee Josephus besieged in Iotapata

Josephus surrenders to Vespasian

Tiberius and Tarichea submit to Vespasian Troubles and divisions in Jerusalem Zealots commit violence in the city & temple Theophilus is deposed from the priesthood Phannias is ordained in his stead

Three contending parties in Jerusalem The zealots send for succour to Idumea The Idumeans retire from Jerusalem

71 Nero the emperor dies, Galba succeeds Vespasian invades Judea and Idumea

All the strong places are invested

72 Galba dies, Otho is declared emperor Otho dies, and Vitellius succeeds

Vespasian is elected emperor by the army He is acknowledged as such in all the east Josephus the jew is set at liberty

73 Titus marches against the city of Jerusalem Arrives a few days before the passover The factions unite against the Romans The army besiege and reduce the outer wall Conquest of the lower city

They surround Jerusalem with a wall The city distressed and reduced by famine Conquest of the tower of Antonia

An assault on the temple

The daily sacrifice ceases, July 17 Conquest of the outer court of the temple The Romans set fire to the galleries Titus wished to preserve the temple 73 A Roman soldier dares to set it on fire Burning of the lower city

Conquest of the upper city

Romans become masters of the place

They offer sacrifice to their gods

74 Titus totally destroys the temple He also demolishes the city of Jerusalem Titus returns in triumph to Rome

General Index to the Commentary.

SUT_VOL5.PDF, source PDF p. 549

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Ephesians 3:24” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 553). In the King James Version, Ephesians 3 has 21 verses. The intended citation is uncertain; the historical wording is retained. An additional printed witness, Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 698, also reads “Ephes. iii. 24”; this confirms the older reading but does not establish the intended citation. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 553; Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 698.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “1 Samuel 11:30” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 555). The additional printed witness, Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 698, reads “1 Sam. ii. 30”; the reading text follows it as 1 Samuel 2:30. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 555; Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 698.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Matthew 25:51” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, physical PDF page 555). The surrounding discussion of the servant being cut asunder corresponds to Matthew 24:51 in the King James Version. The origin of the printed numbering is not established here; the historical wording is retained. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 555.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Psalm 5:31” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, physical PDF page 556). The surrounding discussion of prayer in the morning corresponds to Psalm 5:3 in the King James Version. The origin of the printed numbering is not established here; the historical wording is retained. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 556.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Genesis 37:38” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 557). In the King James Version, Genesis 37 has 36 verses. The intended citation is uncertain; the historical wording is retained. An additional printed witness, Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 699, also reads “Gen. xxxvii. 38”; this confirms the older reading but does not establish the intended citation. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 557; Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 699.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Genesis 6:41” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, physical PDF page 560). The surrounding discussion of the giants before the Flood corresponds to Genesis 6:4 in the King James Version. The origin of the printed numbering is not established here; the historical wording is retained. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 560.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Genesis 40:28” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 562). The additional printed witness, Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 700, reads “Gen. xi. 28”; the reading text follows it as Genesis 11:28. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 562; Joseph Sutcliffe, A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, vol. II (London: Holdsworth and Ball; John Mason, 1835), p. 700.

Editorial note: The supplied edition prints “Psalm 76:60” here (SUT_VOL5.PDF, physical PDF page 575). The surrounding discussion of the forsaken tabernacle at Shiloh corresponds to Psalm 78:60 in the King James Version. The origin of the printed numbering is not established here; the historical wording is retained. SUT_VOL5.PDF, PDF page 575.

GENERAL INDEX TO THE

COMMENTARY.

A-C

AARON the highpriest, Exodus 4:14. 39. 40. Leviticus 7. Aaronic priesthood superseded by Christ, Hebrews 5:5 Abel’s offering, and death, Genesis 4:2, 8 Abimelech seduces Sarah, Genesis 20:3

Abraham called out of Ur, Genesis 12:1-4. Reflec. promise made to his seed, ver. 7 his war with the kings, Genesis 14:15 is blessed by Melchizedek, ver. 19, 20 visited by angels, ch. 15:1 justified by faith, ver. 6 offers up sacrifices, ver. 9, 10 covenant with him, ch. 17. Reflec. pleading for Sodom, ch. 18. Reflec. his great faith, Genesis 22:1-18 the friend of God, James 2:23 his happy death, Genesis 25:8 Acrostic in Lam. 1.

Adam created in the image of God, Genesis 1:26, 27. 2:7 a type of Christ, Romans 5:14

Adamant, or diamond, Zechariah 7:12

Adoption by grace, John 1:12. Romans 8:14, 17. Galatians 4:6. 1 John 3:1

Adultery, warnings against it, 2 Samuel 11. Proverbs 6:24 punished with death, Deuteronomy 22:22. Job 31. John 8:5. Revelation 2:22

Ælfric, a Saxon bishop, 1 Corinthians 10:17 Afflictions, called darkness, Isaiah 42:16. Micah 7:8 intended to promote piety, Psalm 39.

Agriculture, deserving encouragement, Genesis 26:12 Ahaz, his sun-dial, 2 Kings 19:11. Isaiah 38. Ahaziah, his awful death, 2 Kings 1.

Aholah and Aholibah, Ezekiel 23:2

Alexander the great, Zechariah 2:5

Alphabets, their origin, Genesis 11:4

Altar, of the patriarchs, Genesis 22. Exodus 27. Amalek’s descendants, Genesis 14:7. Exodus 17:14. 1 Samuel 27:10

Amen explained, Deuteronomy 27:15. Isaiah 65:16 Ammon, its ruin foretold and completed, Ezekiel 25:10 prophesied against, Jeremiah 40:15. Amos 1:15 Amos called to the prophetic office, Amos 7:14 Amraphel, king of Shinar, Genesis 14:1 Anak, Num. 13. Deuteronomy 1:28

Anathema, Genesis 9:25. Joshua 6:1 Corinthians 16:22 Anchor of hope, Hebrews 6:19

Angel, Goel, Genesis 48:16. Exodus 3:6. Job 19:25. of the covenant, the Messiah, Genesis 22. 32:30. 48:1. Isaiah 63:7, 8. Malachi 3.

Angel, an English coin, Genesis 33:19

Angelic ministry, Genesis 28. 32. Psalm 34:7 Angels in christian assemblies, 1 Corinthians 11:10 Anointed of the Spirit, 1 Samuel 16. Matthew 3:17. 2 Corinthians 1:21

Antichrist, foretold, Daniel 7:25. 2 Thessalonians 2:8 its character and condemnation, Revelation 17.

Antinomianism censured, Isaiah 48:8

Antioch, in Pisidia, Acts 11:19. 13:14 Apis, an Egyptian god, Genesis 43:32. Exodus 8:26 Apostles, their commission, Matthew 10.

Apostrophe, to pastors, Isaiah 32. to the jews, Romans 10. on the grace of Paul, 2 Timothy 4. to papists and infidels, Acts 24. Revelation 19. to Griesbach and Wakefield, Revelation 22:18 Ararat, in Armenia, Jeremiah 51:27

Archery, ancient, Jeremiah 50:29

Arianism, its rise and progress, Proverbs 8:22 Ark of Noah, a type of the church, Genesis 6:12 of the covenant, Exodus 25:10. Joshua 3:16. 1 Samuel 5. 2 Samuel 6:8. Hebrews 9:4

Armour, ancient, 2 Kings 1:18 custom of burning it, Joshua 11:6. Isaiah 9:4. Ezekiel 39:9

Asaph, 1 Chronicles 6:39. 25:1. Psalm 73. Ascension of Christ, Psalm 24. 68. 110. Hosea 5:14. Acts 1. Ashdod, since Azotus, Zephaniah 2:4. Zechariah 9:6. Acts 8:40 Asia, with the seven churches, Acts 20:18. Revelation 1:4. Asp, and Cleopatra, Romans 3:13

Ass, the wild, Job 6:5. Jeremiah 2. 14:6 Assarion, the smallest Roman coin, Luke 12:6 Assyria, kingdom of, Genesis 11:2 Kings 15:2 Chronicles 32. Assyrians destroyed, 2 Chronicles 32:21 Astarte, Ashtaroth, Joshua 23:7. Ezekiel 8:8 Astrology censured, Jeremiah 10.

Atheism rebuked, Ecclesiastes 1:18

Atmosphere created, Genesis 1:4

Atonement, in seven views, Leviticus 16:14 Aurora borealis, Job 37:22

Baal, Baal-zebub, or Beelzebub, Numbers 32:38. 2 Kings 1:2. Matthew 12.

Babel, the tower of described, Genesis 11:4 Babylon, the ancient city, Isaiah 13. 14. Jeremiah 50:1 its fall and ruin, Ezra 1. Isaiah 45. Dan. 5. Jeremiah 51:63 gradually deserted, Isaiah 47:9 mystical, its doom, Revelation 18. Babylonian captivity, Jeremiah 25:11. 29:10 Bacon, lord, quoted, Titus 2:4

Bacchus, supposed allusion to Christ, Exodus 4:2 Backsliders warned, Ezekiel 18:24

Baptism instituted, Matthew 3:16. 28:19. 1 Corinthians 10. Baptism, its nature described, Matthew 3:7. Mark 10:13 Barley harvest, Deuteronomy 11:14

Bastardy and fornication forbidden, Exodus 22:17 Beasts, clean and unclean, Leviticus 11:2 seen in vision, Ezekiel 1. 4.

10. Revelation 4.

Bede, called the venerable, 2 Timothy 4:3 Belial, children of, Deuteronomy 13:13 Bellerophon, flying to heaven, Deuteronomy 33:26 his imaginary letters, 2 Samuel 11:6

Benevolence recommended, Job 29. Galatians 6:8 Bethany, a description of, Luke 10:38

Bethaven, the surname of Bethel, Hosea 4:15 Bethel, where Jacob worshipped, Genesis 28.

Bethshemesh, its situation, Jeremiah 43:13 Beryl, a gem, like burning coals, Ezekiel 1:17 Birds of prey, Jeremiah 12:9

Birth of Christ, Isaiah 9. Matthew 2. Luke 2.

Birthright, a patriarchal privilege, Genesis 25:31 Blasphemy, a great sin, Leviticus 24. against the Holy Ghost, Matthew 12:24. Mark 3:30

Blood of animals not to be eaten, Leviticus 17:11. Genesis 9:4. Deuteronomy 12:16, 23. Acts 15:29 Boanerges, sons of thunder, Mark 3:17

Body, spiritual, described, Romans 12:1 Corinthians 12. Book of the law, 2 Kings 22:8 of the wars of the Lord, Numbers 21:14 of life, Exodus 32:32. Revelation 22:19 Born again, born of God, John 1:13. 3:3. James 1:18 Borodino, state of the wounded after the battle of, Isaiah 8:21 Bosom, Abraham’s, Luke 16.

Bottles, girbashes of leather, Joshua 9:4. Psalm 119:83 Bourdaloue, quotations from, Matthew 2. James 3. Box, alabaster, of ointment, Mark 14:3 Breastplate, of gems, Exodus 28:15. 39. Britain, early favoured with the gospel, Psalm 19:4 Browne, bishop, demonstrates the I AM to be Christ, John 8:58 Buchanan, Dr. quoted, Isaiah 61:9

Budæus, the learned, quoted, John 6:7

Bundle of life, 1 Samuel 25:29

Burden, of calamitous prophecies, Isaiah 15:1. 16. Burning, a punishment for hateful crimes, Joshua 7. of the vicarage at Epworth, Zechariah 3:2

Cadmonites, descended from Cadmus, Genesis 13:8 Cadmus brought the alphabet to Greece, Genesis 11. Cain’s fratricide and impenitence, Genesis 4.

Caleb’s superior faith, Num. 13:30. Joshua 14.

Calf, the golden, Exodus 32:4. 1 Kings 12. Calneh, or Ctesiphon, Genesis 10:10. Amos 6:12 Calvin’s Institutes censured, Ephesians 3:24 Camel, and the needle’s eye, Matthew 19:24 Camels and dromedaries, Esther 8:10

Canaanites, emigrated to Britain, Exodus 23. 30 Captivity, Babylonian, Jeremiah 25:11. Zechariah 1:12 Carthage, destroyed, Isaiah 23. 1-6

Castles of ancient princes, Genesis 25:16 Castor and Pollux, Acts 28:11

Cæsar’s dues acknowledged, Matthew 22:23. Mark 12:17 Celibacy, not commendable, Jeremiah 15:2 Chaldean empire, 2 Chronicles 32:1. invasions, Isaiah 10:5. 37. Jeremiah 4. Zephaniah 1.

Chance, how understood, 1 Samuel 6:9. Luke. 10:31 Charmers of serpents, Psalm 58:5

Charges, pastoral, Deuteronomy 28. Joshua 23. 24. John 14.-17. Acts 20. Chemosh, the idol of Moab, Judges 10:6. Jeremiah 48:7 Cherubim, Exodus 37. Ezekiel 1:7

Children, to be educated, Deuteronomy 6:7. Proverbs 19:2. Ephesians 6:14 brought to Christ, Matthew 19:13. Mark 10:13

Chittim, the greek isles, Isaiah 23. 1

Cholera morbus, 2 Samuel 24:13

Christ, his preëxistent glory, Ezekiel 10:4. John 1:14. 17:5 his priesthood, Psalm 110:4. Hebrews 7:21 public ministry, Matthew 5.-7. Luke 4:32 feeding the multitudes, Matthew 14. John

6. rejected by the jews, Matthew 22:42 scourged and crucified, Matthew 27:26. 27:35. John 19:1 Chronology, ancient, confused, Genesis 11:12 of the kings of Assyria, Genesis 11. the kings of Babylon, Genesis 11. the ancient patriarchs, Genesis 10:24. 15:3 the Hebrew nation, Ruth 4:1 Kings 6:1 Church described, Matthew 18:17. Leviticus 23:3 its consolation, Isaiah 41.

Cicero’s dream, Genesis 41:1

Circumcision instituted, Deuteronomy 30:6. Joshua 5:2 how performed, Genesis 17:23

Cities and temples under imaginary gods, Jeremiah 10:16 City and temple of the latter day, Ezekiel 40.-48. Coal formations, Genesis 1:9, at Dudley, Genesis 6:14 Colossal statue at Rhodes, Acts 21:1

Comet which appeared in 678, Jeremiah 10:2 Comfort, spiritual, Psalm 62. 63.

Comforter, his various offices, John 16:7 Concubinage of the patriarchs, Genesis 22:24 Confession of sin, James 5:16

Confusion of tongues, Genesis 11:1

Conjugal affection required, Ephesians 5:22 Conscience, its power, Genesis 42:21, 22. Mark 9:47. John 8:8 a good one, Acts 24:16

Consulting the oracle, Exodus 28:30

Constantine’s celestial banner, Revelation 6:15 Conversion, its nature, Matthew 18:3 of St. Clement, Acts 4:36 Convocation of Israel, Leviticus 23. 3

Corinth described, Introd. to 1 Corinthians

Corban, a jewish custom, Matthew 15:5

Cors, a hebrew measure, Ezra 7:22

Covenant with Abraham, Genesis 17.

Covenant, under the law, Deuteronomy 29:1. Leviticus 26. under the gospel, Jeremiah 31:3. Ezekiel 36. Hebrews 8. extends to the gentiles, Genesis 13:3. Psalm 2:8. Romans 2.-5. Covenants to be kept inviolate, Jeremiah 34:18. Ezekiel 17:19 conditional, 1 Samuel 2:30. 1 Chronicles 28:10 Covetousness condemned, Mathew 26:14. Luke 12:15 Cup of trembling, Zechariah 12:2

Curse of Canaan, Genesis 9:25. Joshua 6:26 Cush, his descendants, Genesis 10:7. Jeremiah 13:23 Cut asunder, a sentence, Matthew 25:51 Cut off, excommunicated, Exodus 12:15. Numbers 15:30, 31. Malachi 2:11

Cuttings for the dead, Leviticus 19:28. 1 Kings 18:28. Jeremiah 16:6

Cyrus marches against Babylon, Isaiah 45. Dan. 8. on immortality, Ezra 6:10

D-G

Dan to Beersheba, Judges 18:7

Daniel, life of, Introd. to his book before Belshazzar, chap. 5. Darkness at the crucifixion, Matthew 27:45. Luke 23:44 David, the name of Christ, Isaiah 54:4. Hosea the king, a type of Christ, 2 Samuel 23. 1 Kings 2. Ezekiel 34. his reign of forty years illustrated, 1 Kings 2:11, chronology. 1 Samuel 15. 17. Death, and spiritual life of the soul, Romans 6. Ephesians 2:1-5 Deacons and Deaconesses, Acts 6. Romans 16:1. 1 Corinthians 9:1

Dearth, in the reign of Jehoiakim, Jeremiah 14. Reflec. Decrees of God, Romans 8:28

Demoniacy, Matthew 4:24. 8:31. Mark 1:24. 5:2 Denarion, a small coin, Luke 12:6

Depravity of the heart, Jeremiah 17:9

Devotion in the morning, Psalm 5:31. 63:5. 88:13. 119:147 Dial of Ahaz, Isaiah 38:8

Diana, the huntress, Acts 19:34

Diotrephes rebuked, 3 John 1:10

Divorces forbidden, Genesis 2:24. Malachi 2:11-14. Matthew 5:31, 32

Divination by inspection of the liver, Ezekiel 21:21 by shooting arrows, Ezekiel 21:21 forbidden, Deuteronomy 18:10. Jeremiah 27:8

Divining cup of Joseph, Genesis 44:2-15 Divinity of Christ asserted, Jeremiah 23:6. 30:21 Dowry of virgins, Genesis 29:18. 34:12 D’Oyley on pulpit eloquence, 1 Corinthians 14:25 Dragons, Deuteronomy 32:33. Job 26:13. Jeremiah 14:6. Lamentations 4:3. Micah 1:8

Dream of Cambyses, Isaiah 4:2 of Pharaoh, Genesis 40:8 of Cicero, Genesis 41:1

Dress of females censured, Isaiah 3. Ezekiel 13:18 Drunkenness censured, Proverbs 20:1. Isaiah 35:6 Duke, a military title, Genesis 36:15

Dungeons noticed, Zechariah 9:11

Dutchman, valour of a, Proverbs 24:11

Eagles, Psalm 103:6. Isaiah 40:31 metaphorical, Ezekiel 17:2, 7

Earnests of the Spirit, 2 Corinthians 1:22 Earth, its chaotic state, Genesis 1:2

Earthquakes, Amos 1:1. John 5:2 East wind, its effects, Psalm 48:7. Job 27:21. Jeremiah 6:11 Ecclesiastes, written in form of a dialogue, chap. 1. Edda of Iceland, Psalm 44.

Edom, its ruin foretold, Jeremiah 49:7 Egypt, its ancient state, Isaiah 19. Jeremiah 44. 46. Ezekiel 30:15 surnamed Rahab, Psalm 87:4. Isaiah 51:9 its ruin foretold, Isaiah 31:1. Jeremiah 46. Ezekiel 29:10. Hosea 7:11 Egyptians, the first who built temples, 2 Chronicles 2:2 their theology, Genesis 43:23 their mythology, Isaiah 66:17 ox’s head loaded with execrations, Leviticus 16.

Election and call of the gentiles, Romans 8.-11. Ephesians 1:4 Elegies, 2 Samuel 1:17. 18:33. 1 Kings 13:29, 32. Isaiah 57. Hosea 11:8, 9

Elijah, a figure of John the baptist, Matthew 11. Elisha obtains water for the army, 2 Kings 3:17 Elizabeth, mother of John, Luke 1.

England, its prosperity, Ezekiel 5.

Enmity of the serpent’s seed, Genesis 3:15 Enoch’s translation, Genesis 5:24 traditional prophecy, Jude 1:14, 15

Envy, its evil nature, Luke 4:22. Genesis 37:38. Acts 7:9. Mark 15:10

Epaphras, a beloved minister, Colossians 1:7. Phile. 23 Ephesus, Introd. to the Ephesians

Ephraim and Manasseh, Genesis 48:1, 2

Epicureans rebutted, Acts 17:18

Epilepsy, an instance of, 1 Samuel 21.

Epistle to the Laodiceans, Colossians 4.

Epistles to the seven churches, Revelation 2. 3. Erasmus, on the greek article, John 1:1 Erech, a city of Persia, Genesis 10:10 Esau, in what sense hated, Malachi 1:2. Ezekiel 35:14 selling his birthright, Genesis 25. Reflec. Hebrews 12:16 his unavailing tears, Genesis 27:38

Essenes, a heretic sect, Jeremiah 35:19 Ethiopians, described, Ezekiel 46:9

Eunuchs, Isaiah 39:7. Daniel 1:3. Matthew 19:11 Eve beguiled by the serpent, Genesis 3. Matthew 4:3 Exaltation of Christ, Psalm 24. Ezekiel 21:27 Expostulations with the wicked, ch. 33. Reflec. Extinction of animals, Jeremiah 9:10. Revelation 21:1 Ezekiel’s call and ministry, chap. 1.-3. sign of 390 days, Ezekiel 4:5 prophesying in Babylon, Ezekiel 33:21

Faith, its nature defined, Mark 1:15. Hebrews 11:1 Fall of mystical Babylon, Revelation 18:21 Fallow ground, Jeremiah 9:3. Hosea 10:12 False apostles and teachers, Jeremiah 27:9. Ezekiel 13:3. 2 Corinthians 4. 10. 11. Galatians 1. 2:1 Thessalonians 2:6, 7 condemned, 2 Peter 2:14. Jude 1:4 False prophets put to death, Deuteronomy 18:20-22. Isaiah 38:8. 1 Kings 18. caution against them, Matthew 7:15 Familiar spirits, Exodus 22:18. Leviticus 19:31. 1 Samuel 28:3. Isaiah 8:19

Fasts, jewish, Zechariah 7:3. Matthew 6:16 Fasting and prayer, 2 Chronicles 20. Joel 2.

Fate, astrology & stoicism, censured, Jeremiah 10. Acts 17. Father, by which the whole Deity is designated, John 17:3 Fear, a title of Christ, Genesis 31:29, 42, 53. Psalm 78. 119:38 Felix and Drusilla, Acts 24.

Female fashions censured, Ezekiel 13:18 Figs, eastern, Jeremiah 24:2

Fire worship by the Persians, Genesis 11. of love burning in the heart, Luke 24. holy, in the temple, Exodus 27:20. Leviticus 9:24. 2 Chronicles 5:13. 7:3 fell from heaven, Leviticus 9:24. 1 Chronicles 21:26. 1 Kings 18:38

Fish, their various tribes, Genesis 1:20 Flood of Noah, its duration, Genesis 7:11, 12 Fohi, or Shem, the first king of China, Genesis 9. Foreknowledge of God, Jeremiah 36:3

Fornication forbidden, Numbers 25:1 Corinthians 6. Fountain for sin, Zechariah 13:1

Fox, a sacrifice to Ceres, Judges 15:5 Fragments of the apostles, Acts 28.

France, its present attitude, Isaiah 3:16 Frederic the great, quoted, Matthew 24:14 Future state understood by the patriarchs, Exodus 3:6. Numbers 15:31. Deuteronomy 30:16

Gabriel, the angel, Daniel 8:10. Luke 1:19 Galaxy, or milky way, Job 26:13

Gallio, and Seneca, Acts 18:12

Gamaliel’s counsel to the jews, Acts 5:34 Gate, the strait, Matthew 7:13

Gaza, destroyed, Zephaniah 2:4

Gehenna, a burning fire, Isaiah 30:33. Matthew 5:22 Gems described, Exodus 28:19

Gentiles, their darkness, Acts 26:18

Geology of the earth, Genesis 1. Ezekiel 31:8 Gesticulations of the body, Genesis 17:3 Giants before the flood, Genesis 6:41

Gibborim, ancient giants, Job 26:4. Ezekiel 32. Gihon, the river Nile, Genesis 2:13 the fountain that supplied Jerusalem, 2 Chronicles 32:30

Gilead, a monument, Genesis 31:16, 17

Glasses, ancient mirrors, Exodus 38:8

Glory of God appearing, Exodus 24. 40:34

Gluttony censured, Proverbs 23:1. Romans 13:13 Goat, called the scape-goat, Leviticus 16:8 Gods of Syria, Judges 10:6

Gog and Magog, Ezekiel 38. Revelation 20:8 Gold, purified in the furnace, Job 23:10 Golden cup of Babylon and Rome, Jeremiah 51:7. Revelation 17:4. 18:3

Gomer’s descendants, Genesis 10:3

Goshen, its situation, Genesis 45:10. 46:29 Gospel, the term defined, Introd. to Matthew

Gospels, many were written, Luke 1:1

Gotescalus, the case of, Romans 9. Reflec.

Gothic chief, his death, Revelation 8.

Gracchus and his brother called jewels, Malachi 3:17 Grace, a free gift, John 1:16 the term explained, Romans 16:24. Ephesians 2:8 a day of, Psalm 95. Proverbs 1. its three degrees, 1 John 2:12

Grecian mythology, Genesis 3:15 ladies, their piety, Acts 4. and Persian kings, Daniel 9:24

Griesbach’s translation, Romans 8:1. Revelation 22:18 Groves, ancient, Genesis 21:33

H-L

Habakkuk’s scenery of the invasion, chap. 1.

Hagar, visited by an angel, Genesis 16:13 Hair, burning of, Numbers 6:18. Ezekiel 5:2 Hamath, its situation, Joshua 13:5. 2 Samuel 8:9. 1 Chronicles 13:5. Ezekiel 47:16

Ham’s descendants, Genesis 10:6

Hand, expressive of an oath, Psalm 63:4. 119:48 Haran, brother of Abraham, Genesis 11:28 Hariolus, a soothsayer, Deuteronomy 18:10 Harlots to be shunned, Proverbs 2.

Hazor, an ancient city, Judges 4. Jeremiah 49:28 Heaven, its blessedness, Psalm 16.

Heavens, the new, 2 Peter 3:13. Revelation 21. 22. Hebrew text, hypercriticisms on, Jeremiah 31:22 calendar, Exodus 12. measures, Exodus 29:40. Leviticus 14:10. Ezra 7:22 money, Exodus 30:13. 1 Kings 10:14. Luke 12:6 Heifer, offered in sacrifice, Numbers 19:2. Hebrews 9:13 Hell, a prison, Dan. 5. Matthew 8:12

Hell, or hades, Job 26:4, 5. Psalm 9:17. 16:10. Isaiah 30:33. Ezekiel 31:14. Matthew 5:22

Hellenes, greeks, Acts 11:20. 14:2

Hellenists, jews, Acts 6:3. 9:20. Mark 7:26 Heresy, its nature defined, Acts 24:14 Herod, rebuilds the temple, John 2:20

Herodians, a jewish sect, Matthew 22:16 Herodotus states the destruction of the Assyrians, 2 Chronicles 32:21 Highpriests, their succession, 1 Chronicles 6:4 Hinnom, the valley of, Jeremiah 19:2 Hittites, Genesis 10:15 Holiness, ceremonial, Leviticus 20:7

Hope, its support, Hebrews 6:18

Horn, its figurative allusion, Job 15:15. Psalm 112. Luke 1:69 Horne’s Introduction, Preface to the Hebrews

Horns of the altar, 1 Kings

Horse, fable of the, Deuteronomy 32:2

Human sacrifices, Genesis 22:2. Judges 11:2 Kings 16:3 Humility enforced, John 13. Reflec.

Hurricanes at sea, Psalm 107. Jonah 1. Acts 27. Hypocrisy punished, Genesis 34.

I AM, the self-existent God, Exodus 3:14. John 8:58 Idolatry, its origin, Genesis 11:28. Ezekiel 8. the ancient Sabean, Job 1:15

Idols, satirized, Isaiah 40:19. 41:6. 44:10. Jeremiah 10. their cessation predicted, Isaiah 2:18. Zephaniah 2:11 Idumea, its destruction foretold, Jeremiah 49:7 Image of God in man, Genesis 1:27

Immanuel, God with us, Isaiah 7:14. Matthew 1:23 Importunity in prayer, Daniel 10:12. Matthew 15:28. Luke 18:1

Imprecatory psalms, 68. 119.

Incarnation of Christ, Jeremiah 31:32. Luke 2:12 Infants saved through Christ, Romans 5:14 Iniquities visited on the children, Exodus 20:5. Joshua 6:26. 2 Samuel 12:10

Intolerance censured, Mark 9:38

Inundation of Egypt, Genesis 47:21

Isaac, a figure of Christ, Genesis 22. Reflec. blessing his sons, Genesis 27. Isaiah, sawn asunder, chap. 1.

Ishmael mocking Isaac, Genesis 21:9 his descendants, Genesis 16:12. 17:6. 25:14

Isles of Chittim, Ezekiel 27.

Israel’s early piety and declension, Jeremiah 2. 5. 6. Ezekiel 16. sojourn in Egypt, Genesis 15:13

Jabez, his eminent piety, 1 Chronicles 4:9 Jacob and Esau born, Genesis 25:23 their interview, Genesis 33:3 Jacob fleeing to Padanaram, Genesis 28:1 his vision at Bethel, ver. 12 covenant renewed with him, ver. 13 his wrestling with the angel, ch.

32. Reflec. cruelty of his sons at Shechem, Genesis 34:30. Reflec. his love to Joseph, Genesis 37:3 his covenant God, Genesis 43:23 interview with Pharaoh, Genesis 47:8, 10 predictions respecting his sons, ch. 49. his death and burial, ch. 1. Jaddua, the highpriest, Zechariah 2:5

Jail fever, Psalm 107.

Janus, or the golden age, Isaiah 41:1

Japhet’s descendants, Genesis 10:2

Jasher, a brook in Canaan, Numbers 21:14. 2 Samuel 1:18 Javan’s descendants, Genesis 10:4

Jehoiada the highpriest, 2 Chronicles 24.

Jehoram, his death, 2 Chronicles 21.

Jehovah, the only true God, Exodus 3:14 riding on the heavens, Deuteronomy 32:2. Psalm 18.

Jehu, avenging the blood of the prophets, 2 Kings 9. Jephtha’s rash vow, Judges 11:30

Jeremiah called to the prophetic office, ch. 1. sketch of his history, Introd. to his book syllabus of his predictions, ch. 1. his grief and despondency, Jeremiah 20:9. 23:9 a prisoner in chains, Jeremiah 40:1 Jericho, the road described, Luke 10:30 Jerusalem, described, Joshua 18:28. Psalm 48:2. Jeremiah 39:3 besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, Jeremiah 25. 39 finally destroyed, Micah 3:12. Jeremiah 26:18 the new, in the latter day, Revelation 21:10-21

Jeshurun, riding on the heavens, Deuteronomy 33:26 Jesus, import of the name, Matthew 1:21. Acts 3:6 Jews, their great depravity, 2 Timothy 3:1, 7. Titus 1:10, 13 society for their conversion, Galatians 4:28 their ancient history, 2 Kings

25. persecuted in their dispersion, Deuteronomy 28. their future conversion foretold, Isaiah 11. 60. Zechariah 11. their final execration, Numbers 24:24. Revelation 1:16. Jezebel, her character, 1 Kings 21. Revelation 2:20. Job, a type of Christ, ch. 1. 42.

Jobab, supposed to be Job, Genesis 36:33 John, etymon of the name, Luke 1:13

Jordan, its natural history, Jeremiah 12:5 Joseph hated of his brethren, Genesis 37:4. Refl. unjustly accused, Genesis 39:17, 22 an interpreter of dreams, Genesis 40:8, 12, 25 his great reverse of fortune, ch. 41. Reflec. interview with his brethren, Genesis 42:1. 43:30. 45:5 his policy in Egypt, Genesis 47:22

Josephus, the jewish historian, Jeremiah 41:15 Jove, one of the ancient gods, Exodus 8:26 Jubilee, a jewish festival, Leviticus 25:10. Isaiah 41:2 Judah, guilty of incest, Genesis 38:21 Judas the traitor, Matthew 26:14. John 13:21, 27 Judges of Israel, Introd. to the book, and Judges 2:16 Judgment of the great day, Psalm 50:3. Matthew 25:31. Revelation 20:11

Judgments on the wicked, Proverbs 26:2 Jupiter Ammon, his temple, Joel 3:2

Justification by faith, Romans 4. Paul and James reconciled, James 2. Kedron, the brook of, John 18:1

Kenites, Judges 1:16. Jeremiah 35.

Kings and patriarchs of ancient times, Job 29:25 Kings officiating in public worship, 1 Kings 8. Psalm 40:9 sometimes appeared as priests, Genesis 14:2 Chronicles 26:21 Kingdom of heaven, Matthew 3:2. Luke 17:21 Kinnor, a musical instrument, Genesis 9:20. 1 Samuel 10:5. Kishon, a river, Judges 4:13. 1 Kings 18. Kissing the calves, Hosea 13:2

Knowledge of Christ, John 17:3. 1 Corinthians 2:2 Lake of Sodom, Genesis 19:28

Language, its origin, Genesis 11:1, 4. Acts 2:4. 10:46 Law, how interpreted, Psalm 1. 119:1. Exodus 20. Leavened bread, Matthew 13:33. 1 Corinthians 5:7 Lebanon described, Deuteronomy 3:25. Ezekiel 31:3, 8 Leprosy, incurable, Leviticus 13.

Letters, their ancient usage, Exodus 32:32. Job 19:23 Life of God in the soul, John 1:4. 3:31 Life eternal, Genesis 17:7. Leviticus 18:5. Deuteronomy 31:16. Matthew 26:46. Luke 10:25 Lions taken in a pit, Ezekiel 19:4

Liver of victims consulted, Ezekiel 21:21 Lloyd, bp. of Worcester, quoted, Revelation 9:13 Locusts, their devastations, Exodus 10:4. 4:13. Joel 1. 2. Matthew 3:4

Log, a jewish measure, Leviticus 14:10 Lord, our righteousness, Jeremiah 23. 6. 33:16

Lot’s escape from Sodom, Genesis 19. Reflec.

Love to God, its nature, Deuteronomy 4:6 its different degrees, 1 John 4:16, 18 of God shed abroad in the heart, Romans 5:5. Luke

24. to our neighbour, Luke 10:29

Loyalty recommended, 1 Samuel 8. Deuteronomy 17. Judges 2. Lucifer, son of the morning, Isaiah 14:12 Luke the evangelist, Luke 1:1, 4. Acts 1:1. Introd. to his gospel Lying, an awful instance at Devizes, Acts 5. Psalm 119:29 M-Q

Macedonian dog offered in sacrifice, Jeremiah 34:18 Magistrates, to be honoured, Matthew 23:3. Romans 13:1, 2. Maimonides, quotation from, Jeremiah 8:14 Man of sin foretold, 2 Thessalonians 2:1, 12. Revelation 13:11, 18.

Manasseh, called a father, Isaiah 43:27 Mary Magdalene’s piety, Matthew 28. Luke 8:2 Mark of the beast, Isaiah 44:5. Ezekiel 9:4. Revelation 20:4. Marriage, honourable, Genesis 2:21, 24. 41:45 its rights guarded, Exodus 21:10. 1 Corinthians 7:3 clandestine forbidden, Ruth 4:2

Martyrdom of John, Mark 6. of Stephen, Acts 6. 7. Matthew the evangelist called, Matthew 9. Luke 5:27 Medea, a princess in Colchus, Romans 7:15 Melancholy of good men, Dan. 4:27. Matthew 4:24. Psalm 77. 78. Melchizedek, Genesis 14:18. Psalm 110. Hebrews 5. Menaces, with pardon to the contrite, Isaiah 38:5. Jonah 3:6-10 Menahem, a title of the Messiah, 2 Kings 15:14. Luke 2:25 Menes, first king of Egypt, Ezekiel 30:15 Mercy, the title of saints, Psalm 4:3. 16:10 Messiah, appeared to Abraham, Genesis 12:7 appeared to Moses, Exodus 3.

Mills, ancient handmills, Deuteronomy 24:6 Ministers, their character and work, Isaiah 30:20. Luke 9:1 should be learned, 2 Kings 2:5. Isaiah 30:20 their encouragement, Matthew 14. entitled to support, 1 Corinthians 9. Galatians 6:6. 1 Thessalonians 5:12

Minstrel, a portable harp, 2 Kings 3:15 Miracles of Christ, Introd. to the new testament improved by Christ, John 6:37 on the sabbath defended, Luke 14:3 a proof of Christ’s divinity, Matthew 11:2

Misletoe, homage paid to it, Isaiah 6:13 Moab, her priests, Isaiah 15. 16. Jeremiah 41:15 its ruin foretold, Ezekiel 48.

Moloch, a heathen god, Leviticus 18:21. Amos 5:26. Acts 7:43 Moon, its light and motion, Genesis 1:16 the new, a jewish festival, Numbers 28:11

Mosc and Tubal, Ezekiel 38:6

Moses, a prophet like Christ, Deuteronomy 18. dying on the mount, Deuteronomy 34.

Mountains, their formation, Genesis 1:9 Mules found in the wilderness, Genesis 36:24 Murder, not expiated by sacrifice, Psalm 51:14. Matthew 27:24 vengeance of heaven against it, 2 Samuel 12:1. 1 Kings 2:28 Music, its power, 1 Samuel 16:23. Psalm 58:5 in churches, Psalm 150:3, 4. Daniel 3:5. 2 Chronicles 5:13 Mystery of godliness, 1 Timothy 3:16 of iniquity, Revelation 17:5 Name of the Lord, a refuge, Proverbs 18:10. Isaiah 32:2 Nave, of a church, 1 Samuel 1:9

Nazarite, described, Leviticus 6:1

Nebuchadnezzar, his reign, Jeremiah 32:1 Nehemiah, governor of the jews. chap. 1.

Nero, a sketch of his history, Introd. to 2 Timothy Nets, for wild beasts, Ezekiel 12:13

New birth described, John 3:3

Nicolaitanes, an ancient sect, Revelation 2:6 Nile, its overflowing, Exodus 9:32. Isaiah 19. Nimrod, father of Ninus, Genesis 10:8

Nineveh, the city of, Isaiah 25:2. Nahum 1. 2. 3. Jonah 1:2 list of her kings, Genesis 11.

Noah, second father of the world, Genesis 5:19 Noah’s ark, its dimensions, Genesis 6:14 his seven precepts, Acts 15. No-ammon, the ancient Thebes, Ezekiel 30:14, 15. Nahum 3:8 Noph, the ancient Memphis, Isaiah 19:11. Jeremiah 46:19 Number of the beast, Revelation 13:18

Oath, its form in patriarchal times, Genesis 24:2 its solemn nature, Matthew 5:34. Exodus 22. Reflec.

Obah, obee, a divination, Deuteronomy 18:11. Isaiah 43:24 Officers in the church, Ephesians 4:11 Ogyges, deluge in his time, Genesis 10:25. 47:21 Oil, in sacred anointings, Exodus 30:25. Psalm 132:2 Omnipresence of God, Psalm 139.

Onan’s double crime, Genesis 38:8, 9

Onesiphorus, his kindness to Paul, Acts 14:1, 2. 2 Timothy 1:16. 4:19

Onias, building a temple in Egypt, Isaiah 19:18, 19 Ophir, now Africa, 1 Kings 9:28. Daniel 10:5 Oracle, true and fabulous, Exodus 28:30 Oracles of the heathen defied, Isaiah 41:23 Origen’s repentance, Psalm 50.

Osiris, an Egyptian god, Exodus 8:2. 32:4 Outer darkness, Matthew 8:12. Psalm 9:17 Painting the eyebrows, Ezekiel 23. 40

Palmtree, or date, Exodus 15:27. Psalm 92:12 Palsy healed, Matthew 9:2. Mark 2:5 Pandora, greek name for Eve, Genesis 3:1 Panegyrists censured, Lamentations 1:8, 9 Parable of the sower, Matthew 13:3 of the tares, ver. 24 of the mustard seed, ver. 31 of the leaven, ver. 33 of the hidden treasure, ver. 44 of the fishing net, ver. 47 of the labourers, Matthew 20:1 of the marriage feast, Matthew 22:2 of the ten virgins, ch. 25:1 of the talents, ver. 15. Luke 19. of the hundred sheep, Luke 18:12 Parables of Christ, enumerated, Introd. to the new testament Paradise, earthly, seated on a mountain, Ezekiel 31:8 heavenly, not the highest heaven, John 3:13. 2 Kings 2:1-11 Pardon of sin, Psalm 32. Micah 7:18

Parents implicated in the crimes of their children, 1 Samuel 2. 3. 2 Samuel 13:21

Passover, the jewish, Exodus 12. John 13:1 Pastors, kings & priests, Isaiah 44:28. Jeremiah 12:10 Patriarchal worship, its nature, Genesis 17:3 Patriarchs, a synchronism of their chronology, Genesis 50. Paul, his conversion, Acts 9. 28. his style of eloquence, Acts 2:4. 2 Corinthians 2:10. 10:10 his illustrious confession, Acts 21. and Thecla, Introd. to the Acts

Peace with God, Romans 5:1. Philippians 4:7 Pegasus, the flying horse, Deuteronomy 33:26 Peleg, the fifth from Noah, Genesis 10:23 Pelican of the wilderness, Psalm 102:6

Pella, a town in Palestine, Matthew 24:40 Pentecost, a jewish festival, Exodus 19:1. Acts 2:1 Perfection, christian, Jeremiah 31:31, 36. Matthew 5:48. Philippians 3:11-15

Perfect love, 1 John 4:16, 17. Ephesians 3:18 Persecution deprecated, Matthew 10:21. Acts 4. 8:4 Persian kings, their succession, Ezra 6. Daniel 9:24 Pestilence, the scourge of heaven, Exodus 9:2 Samuel 24. Peter and Andrew called, Matthew 9. Luke 5:10 Peters, Mr. his translation of Psalm 141.

Pharaoh, succeeded by Ptolemy, Genesis 41:44 Pharisees, a jewish sect, Matthew 3:7

Philistines, their origin, Genesis 10:14. Jeremiah 47:1 their cities and kings, Jeremiah 25:20

Philosophers of France, Ecclesiastes 1.

Phylacteries, Exodus 13:9. Matthew 23. Pilate, his character, Matthew 27:27

Pillar of fire, Exodus 13:21. Numbers 9:15 Pison, a river in paradise, the Tigris, Genesis 2:11. Ecclus. 24. Pits, for taking wild beasts, Ezekiel 19:4 Plain of Mamre, Genesis 13:18

Polycarp quoted, 1 Corinthians 3:17

Polygamy censured, Genesis 16. 21. 22:25

Poor defended, Deuteronomy 15:4. Psalm 94:6. Proverbs 19:17. Zechariah 7. Acts 6:1

Popery rebuked, Luke 1:44

Praising God, Psalm 95. 107.

Prayer, its importance, Genesis 18. Exodus 33. John 16:23, 24. Acts 12:1 Samuel 1. for kings and rulers, 1 Samuel 10:1 Timothy 2:2

Predestination considered, Job 24. Jeremiah 36:3. Rom 9.-11. Ephesians 1:4

Preëxistence of Christ, Genesis 18:2, 3. 21:17. 32:24. 48:16 Prescience of God, leaves the will free, Jeremiah 36:3 Priest of On, Genesis 41:45

Priests, carnal, reproved, Malachi 2.

Primitive christianity, what, Acts 4.

Prodigal son, Luke 15.

Prophecies explained by Christ, Luke 24.

Prophecy, its certainty, 2 Peter 1:19

Prophets, their office, Introd. to Isaiah christian, Acts 13:1. Ephesians 4:11

Prophets, false, reproved, Jeremiah 28:1. Lamentations 2:14. Ezekiel 13. Micah 3.

Propitiation for sin, Leviticus 16, Romans 3:25. 1 John 2:2 Proselytes, two orders of, Matthew 23. 15

Publicans, their office, Matthew 9. Luke 18. 19. Pythoness, pretended prophetess, Isaiah 41:23. Acts 16. Quickened, by the Spirit, Ephesians 2:1. Colossians 2:13 Quicksilver, known to the ancients, Jeremiah 6:29 R-Z

Rabbah, capital of the Ammonites, 2 Samuel 12:26. Jeremiah 49:2 its ruin foretold and accomplished, Jeremiah 49. Ezekiel 25:5 Rabbi, a jewish teacher, Matthew 23:8

Rachel, stealing her father’s household gods, Genesis 31:19 Rain, the former and latter, Deuteronomy 11:14. Isaiah 52:14 Rainbow, a sign of the covenant, Genesis 9:13. Revelation 4:3 Ravens, their history, Job 38:27

Rechabites, their abstemiousness, Jeremiah 35:19 Red sea, why so called, Exodus 10:19

Redeemer, known to the patriarchs, Job 19:25 Redemption, by Christ, foretold, Psalm 49:8. 85. Refuge, cities of, Num. 35. Joshua 22:2 Relative duties enforced, Ephesians 6.

Repentance, its nature and necessity, Psalm 51. Matthew 3:2. Mark 1:15. Acts 17:30

Rephaims and Emims, Genesis 14:5

Reproof, brotherly, Matthew 18:15

Rest, the heavenly, Hebrews 4:1, 9

Resurrection of the body, Job 19:26. 1 Corinthians 15. of Christ, Matthew 28. John 20. a sign to the jews, Matthew 12:39 Reuben, guilty of incest, Genesis 35:22 Revelation, variously made, Habakkuk 2:2. Introd. to Isaiah analysis of the book of, Revelation 4.

Revenge forbidden, Genesis 27. Matthew 5:39. Romans 12:17, 21 Rhodes, an island, Acts 21:1

Righteousness of God revealed, Isaiah 45:8. Romans 1:17. 3:21 Robes, worn at court, 1 Samuel 22:16

Rocks, primitive and secondary, Ezekiel 31:3, 8 Rod of Moses, Exodus 4:2

Roll, of a book, Jeremiah 36:2. Revelation 6:14 Roman armies, foreseen by Moses, Deuteronomy 28:49. Luke 21:20.

Sabbath, of divine institution, Genesis 2. Exodus 20. observed by Noah, Genesis 8:10 changed on leaving Egypt, Deuteronomy 5. Ezekiel 20:12, 20 its profanation, Jeremiah 17. Reflec. Ezekiel 22:1 the christian, appointed, Acts 20:7 the second after the first, Luke 6:1

Sabbath-day’s journey, Acts 1:20

Sabeans, sabianism, Job 1:15. 30:28. Ezekiel 8:16 Sacrament of the supper instituted, Matthew 26:26. 1 Corinthians 11:23, 24

Sacrifices, of divine appointment, Genesis 15:9. Leviticus 16. Jeremiah 34:18

Sadducees, a jewish sect, Malachi 3:14. Matthew 3:7. 22:16 Saints, judging the world, Matthew 19:28. 1 Corinthians 6:2 Salutation, apostolic form of, 1 Corinthians 1:2. 2 Timothy 1:2 Samaria, description of, Isaiah 23. 1 prophecies against it, Hosea 8. 13. Mic. 1.

Samaritans, their character, John 4:4

Samuel, the prophet, 1 Samuel 2. 3. 10. 13. 16. Sanctification, of the Spirit, 2 Corinthians 7:1. 1 Thessalonians 5:23, 24

Sanhedrim of the jews, Numbers 11:16. Matthew 23. 2 Sapphire stone, Isaiah 54:11. Ezekiel 10:1. Revelation 21:19 Sarah’s conjugal obedience, 1 Peter 3:6 Satan, the adversary, Job 1. Psalm 109:6. Zechariah 3:1. Matthew

4. Revelation 12:4 bound a thousand years, Revelation 20:2 Satisfaction for sin, John 1:29. Romans 3:25. Hebrews 9:14. Leviticus 16.

Saul’s disobedience and death, 1 Samuel 15. 31:1 Chronicles 10. Saurin on the Trinity, 1 John 5. on the penitent thief, Luke 22. on Paul’s address to Felix, Acts 23:24.

Saxon sepulchres, Jeremiah 8:2

Schisms, grievous in the church, Ephesians 4:3, 6 Schools of the prophets, 1 Samuel 19:20. 2 Kings 1:5. 6:1 Scorpions described, Ezekiel 2:6

Seals, the seven opened, Revelation 6. 8.

Sea of Galilee, Jeremiah 12:5. Matthew 4:18. 8:32 Sea-serpents, Psalm 74:13. Amos 9:3 Seduction execrated, Genesis 34:2 Samuel 13. Seed of the woman, Christ, Genesis 3:15. 12:3. Romans 1:3 Seer, ancient name of a prophet, 1 Samuel 9:9. Selah, the word explained, Psalm 3:4. 7:5 Selden, on the word groves, 2 Chronicles 15:16 Semele, the fable of, Genesis 3:15

Semeramis, queen of Nineveh, Genesis 10. Jeremiah 25:38 builds a sepulchre in Babylon, Jeremiah 8:1, 2

Seneca, quotation from, Proverbs 23. 32

Sennacherib’s army destroyed, 2 Chronicles 32:21 Sepulchral urns and burrows, Genesis 23. 4

Sepulchres, containing treasures, Jeremiah 22:18, 19 Seraiah, pronouncing the doom of Babylon, Jeremiah 51:59, 64 Seraphim, or burning ones, Isaiah 6.

Serpent, beguiling Eve, Genesis 3:1

Serpents, charmed by men, Psalm 58:4. Matthew 10:16 flying ones, Numbers 21:6 and dragons, Jeremiah 14:6 Servants, their duties, Ephesians 6:5

Sesostris, king of Egypt, Isaiah 19.

Seventy weeks of Daniel, Daniel 9:24 years captivity, Jeremiah 25:11

Sexes, their average, Genesis 22:24

Shekel, a hebrew coin, Exodus 30:13. 1 Kings 10:14 Shepherds, disliked by the Egyptians, Genesis 44:32 a name given to priests and princes, Isaiah 44:28. 56:11. Jeremiah 6:3. Micah 5:8. Ezekiel 34:2

Shiloh, the Messiah, Genesis 49:10. John 9:7 Shimei, cursing David, 2 Samuel 16:7. 1 Kings 2:9 Sibyls, or pythonesses, Psalm 50:3. Isaiah 11. Sicarions, assassins, Acts 21:38

Signs, required by the jews, Matthew 12:38. 1 Corinthians 1:22 in the heavens, Jeremiah 10:2

Sihor, a river of Egypt, Joshua 13:3. Jeremiah 2:18 Simonides, the greek poet, wrecked, Acts 28:2 Simoon, a pestilential wind, Psalm 48:7. Job 27:21 Singing recommended, Ephesians 5:19

Sin unto death, Ezekiel 11:13. 1 John 5:17 Sins, not to be expiated, Leviticus 4:21. Psalm 51:16 Slavery, abhorred of God, Joel 3:3

Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed, Genesis 19. Reflec. Soliloquy on the cross of Christ, Luke 23.

Solomon, his glory, 1 Kings 1. 11. his great wisdom, 1 Kings 3. 4. Solomon’s porch, John 10:23. Acts 5:12 Son of God, the exclusive title of Christ, Psalm 2:7. Matthew 3:17. 16:18. John 1:49. Acts 8:37. 13:33. Romans 1:4 Sonship of Christ, eternal, Romans 8:32. Hebrews 1:8 Sons of God, and daughters of men, Genesis 6:1 by adoption and grace, John 1:12. 1 John 3:1

Sorrow for sin, 2 Corinthians 7:10, 11 Soul of man, distinguished by five names, Genesis 2:7 Spirit, Holy, his influence, Genesis 1:2. Job 32:8. Isaiah 49. 63:7,

8. John 14:25. 16:8. fruits of the, Galatians 5:22 Stukeley, Dr. W., quoted on Isaiah 6:13. 66:17 Suicide, an evil of great magnitude, Job 6. Reflec. 2 Samuel 17. Sun, its axis and circumference, Genesis 1:14 varied in rising and setting, Joshua 10. Isaiah 38:8 worshipped by the heathen, Deuteronomy 4:19. 2 Kings 23. 5

Sunday schools recommended, Deuteronomy 11.

Swine, allowed to be destroyed, Matthew 8:31 Swearing forbidden, Zechariah 5:4. Matthew 5:34 Synagogues, of the jews. Leviticus 23:3. Matthew 4:23 Syrens, their evil effects, Job 26:5

Tabernacle, erected by Moses, Exodus 25:2. 26:1, 31 of Shiloh, burned by the Philistines, Psalm 76:60. Jeremiah 7:12. 26:6 Tabor, once a scene of idolatry, Hosea 5:1 Tadmor, since Palmyra, 1 Kings 9:18

Tammuz, the ancient Adonis, Ezekiel 8:14 Tarshish, since Carthage, Isaiah 23. 1. Ezekiel 27:12. Jonah 1:3 Temple of Jerusalem, 1 Samuel 1:9. 2 Samuel 7:1 Kings 1.-8:2. 1 Chronicles 2:1 affording an extensive prospect, Matthew 4:5 its various courts, Isaiah 56:1

Temple, rebuilt by king Herod, John 2:20 its destruction foretold, Micah 3:12. Matthew 24:2 its foundation rased, Jeremiah 26:18. Matthew 14:2

Tempests of sand in the deserts, Joel 3:2 Temperance recommended, Acts 24:25

Temporizers censured, Psalm 95:7. Mark 8. Ten kingdoms of the beast, Revelation 13.

Teraphim, Genesis 31:19. Exodus 28:15. Hosea 2:4 Thau, a german divinity, Ezekiel 9:4

Thecla, her conversion, Acts 13:51. Pref. Theocrasy of the Hebrews, Judges 3:31. 8:22 Thief, the penitent, Luke 23. 43

Thigh, smitten in grief, Jeremiah 31:19. Ezekiel 21:12 Thorn, in the flesh, 2 Corinthians 12:7 Throne, of the Messiah, Exodus 24:10. Isaiah 6. Jeremiah 17:12. Ezekiel 43. 51. Revelation 5. 22.

Thrones, seen by Daniel in vision, Dan. 7. Matthew 19:28 seen also by the apostle John, Revelation 4:2

Tigris, trade on that river, Isaiah 43:14 Tiles of the ancients, painted, Ezekiel 4:1 Time, hebrew calculation of, Exodus 12.

Timothy, called to the ministry, Acts 16:1. Philippians 2:19 charge given him by Paul, 2 Timothy 4:1

Tin, stannum, Numbers 31:22

Tithes, paid under the law, Deuteronomy 26:12. Amos 4:4. Malachi 3:10. Galatians 6:6, 7. Hebrews 7:5 Tithing of mint and cummin, Matthew 23. 23

Tongues, the gift of, Acts 10:46. 18:8 a sign to them that believe not, 1 Corinthians 14:22

Tophet, place of torment, Isaiah 30:33 Torque, not a chain of gold, Deuteronomy 1:28. Psalm 73:6. Proverbs 1:9. Daniel 5:29

Tree of life, Genesis 2:9. Revelation 22:2 Trial of the spirits, 1 John 4:1

Tribute paid by our Saviour, Matthew 17:24 Trumpets, the seven, Revelation 8. 9.

Truth, as it is in Jesus, John 1:14. Ephesians 4:21 Trinity, doctrine of the, Genesis 1:1. 19:24. Psalm 33:6. Isaiah 49:5, 12. 63:7, 8. Matthew 3:17. 28:19. 1 Timothy 3:16. 1 John 5:7

Turks, and Saracens, Genesis 16:12

Tyre, the city of, Joshua 19:29. 1 Kings 5:1. Isaiah 33. Ezekiel 26:4

Unbelief, its evil and its remedy, Hebrews 3:12 Unclean spirit ejected, Matthew 22:43. Luke 11:24 Unicorn, described, Numbers 23:22. Isaiah 34:7 Unity of the divine nature, Deuteronomy 6:4, 5 of the church, John 17:20, 21. Ephesians 4:13, 16. Philippians 2:12 Urim and thummim, Exodus 28:30. Hosea 3:4 Usury forbidden, Exodus 22:25. Leviticus 25:37. Nehemiah 5:11

Uzzah, his awful death, 2 Samuel 6:7

Vain thoughts, to be rejected, Proverbs 1:5. 4:23 Valla, quotation from, John 1:9, 10

Variations in the gospels, accounted for, Matthew 18:12. Luke 14:26

Veil of the temple rent, Matthew 27:51 Verily, an oath, Matthew 5:18. John 1:51. Isaiah 65:16 Victims, human, Judges 11:2 Kings 3:27 Vine, used figuratively, Psalm 80. John 15.

Vineyard, the church, Isaiah 5. 27. Matthew 20. Vineyards, in Palestine, Genesis 49:11 Virgil’s Æneid, Deuteronomy 11. Psalm 9:17. Isaiah 11. Virgin Mary, Isaiah 7:14. Luke 1:27 Vision of Habakkuk, Habakkuk 2:2

Voice of the Lord, Psalm 95:7. Matthew 3:17. 17:5 Voltaire, on the origin of nations, Jeremiah 13:23 Voluspa, an ancient poem, Exodus 22:18. Deuteronomy 33:26. Jude 1:14

Vows, religious, Judges 11. Proverbs 20:25 Vulcan, his temple and statues, Jeremiah 52:21 War, deprecated, Numbers 20:14. 2 Samuel 24:14 Watchmen, their office, Isaiah 21:11. 62. Ezekiel 3:17 Water, figurative of spiritual blessings, Psalm 46. Isaiah 12:3. 44:3. 55:2. Ezekiel 47. John 7:37. Revelation 22:1, 17 Waterspout, alluded to, Psalm 42:7

Whale, a species of the, Lamentations 4:3 Wheel, seen in vision by Ezekiel, chap. 13.

Whirlwind, tempestuous, Job 38:1

Whitby, on difficult texts, Acts 28:26, 27 Whoredom, punished with death, Deuteronomy 22:21 Wicked heart, its remedy, Mark 7:21

Wisdom, the true, Proverbs 1:5. 3. 8. 9. Wise men, the eastern magi, Matthew 2:1 Witchcraft, condemned and punished, Exodus 22:18. Jeremiah 29:22

Withered hand, cured, Luke 6:10

Witness of the Spirit, Romans 8:16. Galatians 4:6. 1 John 5:10 Witnesses, the two, prophesying in sackcloth, Revelation 11:3 the three in heaven, 1 John 5:7 the three on earth, ver. 8 Wizzards, condemned, Exodus 28:19. Isaiah 8:19. 45:19. 48:16 Woman, origin of the term, Genesis 2:23 clothed with the sun. Revelation 12:1

Woman’s Seed promised, Genesis 3:15

Women, effeminate, reproved, Isaiah 3. 33. employed as mourners, Jeremiah 9.

Word, the Eternal, Genesis 15:1. Psalm 33:6. Jeremiah 48:1. Jonah 3:1. 4. Zechariah 2:8. Ezekiel 10:4. 11:2. 21:8, 11. John 1:1, 14. Revelation 19:13 World, created out of nothing, Hebrews 11:3 lying in wickedness. Psalm 14:3. Romans 3:19. 1 John 5:19 going into decay, Hebrews 1:11

Worshippers of the sun, Ezekiel 8:16

Writing, its antiquity, Genesis 11:12. Exodus 17:14 Xerxes, invades Greece and Germany, Jeremiah 7:18 Yao, first king of China, Genesis 9:13 Year, the jewish calendar, Exodus 12.

Young men, cautioned, Proverbs 1. 2. 7. 9. Luke 15:11. Titus 2:6 Zachariah the highpriest martyred, 2 Chronicles 24:20. Matthew 23. 31

Zacharias, father of John the baptist, Luke 1.

Zeal, religious, Isaiah 62:1, 2. John 2:17. Romans 10:2. Galatians 4:18

Zenas, the lawyer, Titus 3:13

Zenobia, the queen of Iberia, Job 1:1

Zion, its glory described, Psalm 48:2. 102:16 ploughed as a field, Micah 3:12

Zobah, see Hazor

Zodiac, its figures explained, Job 9.

FINIS.

J. M. MORRIS, PRINTER, BUNGAY.

Maps supplied with the source volume

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